Do the Dark Triad Personality Traits Buffer against Stress? A Study among Students of Higher Education in Malaysia
Keywords:
Dark triad personality, higher education institution, stress
Abstract
Stress and anxiety are prominent mental-health issues among students worldwide. The current students of higher education are digital natives who are accustomed to immediate feedback and instant gratifications. Therefore, they are susceptible to stress differently compared to the previous generations. Given the seriousness of the stress-related issue in higher education, this study was conducted to examine the role of dark triad personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) as a buffer against stress. The socially aversive and interpersonally adaptive nature of dark personality traits makes them ideal candidates for further investigation on the influence of personality on stress. The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen and Perceived Stress Scale were used to collect data from 549 respondents. Data were analyzed in two stages using Partial-Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The study revealed that the only dark triad personality that has a role in the increased level of stress is psychopathy. However, the finding was significant among men but not for women. The current study cannot statistically account for the population of different institutional settings since it only captured samples within higher education institutions in Malaysia. Therefore, future research should be extended to wider populations that cover individuals in certain practices or those with a leadership position in any profession.
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References
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Birkás, B., Gács, B., & Csathó, A. (2016). Keep calm and don't worry: Different Dark Triad traits predict distinct coping preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 134-138.
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Carre, J. R., & Jones, D. N. (2016). The impact of social support and coercion salience on Dark Triad decision making. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 92–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.00
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Decety, J., Chen, C., Harenski, C., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). An fMRI study of affective perspective taking in individuals with psychopathy: Imagining another in pain does not evoke empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(489), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00489
DiMattio, M. J. K., & Hudacek, S. S. (2020). Educating Generation Z: Psychosocial dimensions of the clinical learning environment that predict student satisfaction. Nurse Education in Practice, 49, 102901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102901
Forushani, N. Z., & Besharat, M. A. (2011). Relation between emotional intelligence and perceived stress among female students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 30, pp. 1109-1112. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.216
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Furtner, M. R., Rauthmann, J. F., & Sachse, P. (2011). The self-loving self-leader: An examination of the relationship between self-leadership and the Dark Triad. Social Behavior and Personality, 39, 369–380.
Gallagher, C. T., Mehta, A. N. V., Selvan, R., Mirza, I. B., Radia, P., Bharadia, N. S., & Hitch, G. (2014). Perceived stress levels among undergraduate pharmacy students in the UK. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 6, 437-441. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2014.02.004
Grover, S., & Frunham, A. (2020). Does emotional intelligence and resilience moderate the relationship between the Dark Triad and personal and work burnout? Personality and Individual Differences. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109979
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hare, R. D. (1985). Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.531.7
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Jauk, E., Freudenthaler, H. H., & Neubauer, A. C. (2016). The Dark Triad and trait versus ability emotional intelligence: Emotional darkness differs between women and men. Journal of Individual Differences, 37(2), 112 - 118. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000195
Jonason, P. K., Foster, J. D., Kavanagh, P. S, Gouveia, V. V., & Birkas, B. (2018). Basic values and the Dark Triad Traits. Journal of Individual Differences, 39(4), 220 - 228. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000267
Jones, D. N. (2014). Risk in the face of retribution: Psychopathic individuals persist in financial misbehavior among the dark triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 109 - 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.030.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2017). Duplicity among the dark triad: Three faces of deceit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 29–342. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000139.
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack, Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions. (pp. 249 - 268). New York: Wiley.
Kotera, Y., Ting, Su-Hie, & Neary, S. (2021). Mental health of Malaysian university students: UK comparison, and relationship between negative mental health attitudes, self-compassion, and resilience. Higher Education, 81, 403–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00547-w
Kowalski, C. M., Vernon, P. A., & Schermer, J. A. (2019). The Dark Triad and facets of personality. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00518-0
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1571-1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68(1), 151-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment., 66, 488–524.
Martin, R. A., Lastuk, J. M., Jeffrey, J., Vernon, P. A., & Veselka, L. (2012). Relationships between the Dark Triad and humor styles: A replication and extension. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 178–182.
Mey, C., & Yin, C. J. (2015). Mental health and wellbeing of the undergraduate students in a research university: a Malaysian experience. Social Indicators Research, 122(2), 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-0140704-9
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78, 1529–1564.
Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2012). Malaysia Education Blueprint (2013-2025). Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia. https://www.moe.gov.my/en/muat-turun/penerbitan-dan-jurnal/pppm-2013-2025-pendidikan-prasekolah-hingga-lepas-menengah/1207-malaysia-education-blueprint-2013-2025/file
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Minkov, M. (2018). A revision of Hofstede’s model of national culture: old evidence and new data from 56 countries. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 25(2), 231-256. doi:10.1108/CCSM-03-2017-0033
Monaghan, C., Bizumic, B., Williams, T., & Sellbom, M. (2019). Two-dimensional Machiavellianism: Conceptualization, theory, and measurement of the views and tactics dimensions. Psychological Assessment, 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000784
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the Dark Triad (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183-204. doi:10.1177/1745691616666070
National Institutes of Health. (2019). Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems. Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia. http://www.iku.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2019/Report_NHMS2019-NCD_v2.pdf
Noser, A. E., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Besser, A. (2014). Stress and affective experiences: The importance of dark personality features. Journal of Research in Personality, 53, 158–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.007
O'Boyle Jr., E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 557-579. doi: 10.1037/a0025679
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