Instrumen Penilaian Kefungsian Eksekutif dalam Kalangan Pelajar Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASD): Kajian Literatur Sistematik
Abstract
Kefungsian eksekutif merupakan komponen kognitif penting yang mempengaruhi pembelajaran, regulasi emosi dan tingkah laku. Pelajar dengan Gangguan Spektrum Autisme (ASD) lazimnya menunjukkan kelemahan ketara dalam aspek ini, namun instrumen penilaian yang digunakan sering berbeza dari segi skop, kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan. Keadaan ini menimbulkan keperluan untuk meninjau instrumen yang digunakan dalam penilaian kefungsian eksekutif khususnya dalam kalangan pelajar ASD. Satu kajian literatur sistematik dijalankan menggunakan Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect dan Scopus. Daripada 3,910 artikel yang dikenal pasti, hanya 21 memenuhi kriteria penerimaan seperti penyingkiran pendua, akses percuma, penulisan dalam bahasa Melayu, jenis kajian, tempoh penerbitan tidak melebihi 10 tahun dan kesesuaian sampel. Dapatan menunjukkan peningkatan ketara dalam penyelidikan berkaitan penilaian kefungsian eksekutif ASD dari tahun 2015 hingga 2025, dengan lonjakan tertinggi pada 2024 dan 2025. Sepanjang tempoh ini, penilaian berskala merupakan pendekatan paling dominan berbanding ujian bateri atau tugasan individu. Instrumen seperti BRIEF, BRIEF-2 dan BRIEF-P dikenal pasti sebagai instrumen utama, diikuti tugasan individu seperti Stroop Test, WCST, Go/No-Go serta bateri neuropsikologi termasuk NEPSY-II dan ENFEN. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa instrumen berskala dan ujian neuropsikologi seperti BRIEF-2, ENFEN dan NEPSY-II menunjukkan keterbatasan dari segi kesahan, kebolehpercayaan dan unsur subjektiviti pelapor. Kajian ini menegaskan keperluan memilih instrumen yang lebih objektif dan tepat. Walaupun BRIEF banyak digunakan kerana praktikal, penilaian berasaskan prestasi menawarkan ketepatan yang lebih tinggi. Oleh itu, gabungan pelbagai instrumen disarankan untuk memastikan penilaian lebih holistik bagi menyokong reka bentuk intervensi pendidikan yang berkesan untuk pelajar ASD.
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