Hubungkait antara Pergaulan Rakan Senasib dan Ketagihan Dadah Semula: Kajian Kes di Jalan Chow Kit
Keywords:
rakan senasib, ketagihan dadah, pergaulan, bekas banduan
Abstract
Perkembalian bekas banduan yang dibebaskan dari penjara ke dalam persekitaran yang dipenuhi rakan- rakan senasib boleh membawa kepada pengaruh buruk seperti ketagihan dadah dan pengulangan jenayah semula dalam kalangan bekas banduan. Kertas kajian ini telah bertitik tolak dari sebuah kajian doktor falsafah yang mengkaji tentang pengulangan jenayah yang berlaku dalam kalangan bekas banduan di Malaysia. Hasil kajian doktor falsafah tersebut telah mendapati bekas banduan yang sering kembali semula kepada rakan-rakan senasib akibat ketiadaan keluarga. Kajian ini telah mengunakan kaedah kualitatif dengan menemubual 16 orang bekas banduan yang dikenalpasti menerusi teknik persampelan bola salji. Hasil dapatan yang diperolehi mendapati kesemua bekas banduan ini yang berasal dari pelbagai negeri telah bertumpu di sekitar jalan Chow Kit. Penyalahgunaan yang berlaku akibat daripada proses ajakan dan pelawaan menerusi pergaulan yang terjalin. Keadaan ini membuatkan kajian cuba membuktikan wujudnya hubungkait di antara pengaruh rakan-rakan dengan penyalahgunaan dadah semula dalam kalangan bekas banduan.
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References
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Taylor, C & Becker, P. (2015). Are your friends crucial or trivial? Peer support’s effect on recidivism. Justice Policy Journal, 12(1), 1-20.
Tenibiaje, D. (2013). Educational attainment and peer group influence as predictors of recidivism. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 30-37.
Travis, J., McBride, E & Solomon, A. (2005). Families left behind: The hidden costs of incarceration and reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
Seddon, T. (2000). Explaining the drug-crime link: theoretical, policy and research issues. Journal of Social Policy, 29(1), 95-107.
Scott, C., Grella, C., Dennis, M & Funk, R. (2014). Predictors of recidivism over 3 years among substance-using women released from jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(11), 1257-1289.
Spohn, C & Holleran, D. (2002). The effect of imprisonment on recidivism rates of felony offenders: a focus on drug offenders. Criminology, 40(2), 329–358
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VanDeCarr, P. (2007). Call to action: How programs in three cities responded to the prisoner reentry crisis. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.
Visher, C., & Travis, J. (2003). Transition from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.
Andress, D., Wildes, T., Rechtine, D & Moritsugu, K.P. (2004). Jails, prisons, and your community’s health. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 32(4), 50-51.
Andrews, D.A, Bonta, J & Wormith, J.S. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(7), 735–755.
Andrews, J.A., Tildesley, E., Hops, H & Li, F. (2002). The influence of peers on young adult substance use. Health Psychology, 21(4), 349-357.
Arthur, M., Hawkins, J., Pollard, J., Catalano, R & Baglioni, A. (2002). Measuring risk and protective factors for substance use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors: The communities that care youth survey. Evaluation Review, 26(6), 575-601.
Austin, J. (2001). Prisoner reentry: Current trends, practices, and issues. Crime & Delinquency, 47(3), 314-334.
Bales, W & Mears, D. (2008). Inmate social ties and the transition to society: Does visitation reduce recidivism? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(3), 287-321.
Beech, A., Friendship, C., Erikson, M & Hanson, R. K. (2002). The relationship between static and dynamic risk factors and reconviction in a sample of U.K. child abusers. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14(2), 155-167.
Benda, B. (2005). Gender differences in life- course theory of recidivism: A survival analysis, International Journal of Offender, 49(3), 325-342.
Bryant, A.L., Schulenberg, J.E., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., Johnston, L.D. (2003). Substance use during adolescence: A 6-year, multiwave national longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 361–397.
Cullen, F. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, 527–560.
Eno, J., Long, C., Blanchet, S., Hansen, E & Steve D. (2001). High Intensity Substance Abuse Programming for offenders. Substance Abuse Program, Correctional Service of Canada, 13(3), 45-47.
Fauziah Ibrahim, Bahamah Abu Samah, Mansor Talib,& Mohamad Shatar Sabran. (2009). Faktor menyumbang kepada penagihan relaps dalam kalangan penagih dadah PUSPEN di Semenanjung Malaysia. Jurnal Antidadah Malaysia, 5.
Fletcher, R. (2007). Mentoring ex-prisoners: A guide for prisoner reentry programs. U.S. Department of Labor.
Godley, M.D., Kahn, J.H., Dennis, M.L., Godley, S.H & Funk, R.R. (2005) The stability and impact of environmental factors on substance use and problems after adolescent outpatient treatment for cannabis abuse or dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(1), 62–70.
Good, J & Sherrid, P. (2005). When the gates open: ready4work: A national response to the prisoner reentry crisis. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.
Green, D & Winik, D. (2010). Using random judge assignments to estimate the effects of incarceration and probation on recidivism among drug offenders. Criminology, 48(2), 357–387.
Hanson, R. (2003). Sex offender risk assessment. Dalam C. Hollin, (Eds.), The essential handbook of offender assessment and treatment (pp. 31-43). Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Hanson, R & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2004). Predictors of sexual recidivism: An updated meta-analysis. Ottawa, CA: Public Works and Government Services.
Hanson, R & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154-1163.
Hochstetler, A., DeLisi, M & Pratt, T. (2010). Social support and feelings of hostility among released inmates. Crime & Delinquency, 56(4), 588–607.
Hughes, T & Wilson, D. (2004). Reentry trends in the United States. Washington, DC. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs. U.S. Department of Justice.
Karakos, H. (2014). Positive peer support or negative peer influence? The role of peers among adolescents in recovery high schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 89(2), 214–228.
Kruttschnitt, C., Uggen, C & Shelton, C. (2000). Predictors of desistance among sex offenders: the interaction of formal and informal social controls. Justice Quarterly, 17(1), 61- 87.
Levenson, J. (2009). Sex offense recidivism, risk assessment, and the Adam Walsh Act. Sex Offender Law Report, 10(1), 1-6.
Mahmood Nazar Mohamed. (2006). Mencegah, merawat dan memulihkan penagihan dadah: beberapa pendekatan dan amalan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Mahmood Nazar Mohamed. (2008). Perubahan dalam senario rawatan dan pemulihan penagihan dadah: Cabaran dalam pengurusan pemulihan dadah di Malaysia dan arah masa depan. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Mahmood Nazar Mohamed, Ismail Ishak, Noor Aniza Ishak,& Muhamad, Dhazir (2005). Program pemulihan luar institusi untuk penagih dadah. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia
Mahmood Nazar Mohamed, Mohd Taib Ariffin, Ismail Ishak, Jamaludin Mustafa & Rosli Mohammed. (2004). Penggunaan strategi daya tindak di kalangan bekas penagih dadah. Sintok: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Malik-Kane, K & Visher, C. (2008). Health and prisoner reentry: How physical, mental, and substance abuse conditions shape the process of reintegration. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Matttoo, S., Chakrabarti, S & Anjaiah, M. (2009). Psychosocial Factors Associated with Relapse in Men with Alcohol or Opiate Dependence. India: Chandigarh.
McGrath, R., Lasher, M & Cumming, G. (2011). A model of static and dynamic sex offender risk assessment. Diakses pada 23 June 2017 dari Vermont Department of Corrections: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236217.pdf
McGuire, J. (2009). Understanding psychology and crime perspectives on theory and action. Glasgow: Open University Press.
McSweeney, T & Hough, M. (2005). Drugs and alcohol. Dalam N. Tilley (Eds.), A handbook for crime prevention: Theory, policy and practice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
Mennis, J & Harris, P. (2011). Contagion and repeat offending among urban juvenile delinquents. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 951–963.
Noor Zalifah Bakri. (2009). Mengenalpasti faktor-faktor penagihan dan punca punca penagih kembali relaps: Satu proses dalam membantu kepulihan di kalangan penagih. Nilai: Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.
Nurhazlina Mohd Arifin. (2009). Faktor-faktor residivisme pengguna dadah di Pusat Serenti Bukit Mertajam Pulau Pinang. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Nazruel, E. (2000). Penagihan semula: Kajian ke atas faktor-faktor penyebab. Putrajaya: Institut Penyelidikan Pembangunan Belia Malaysia.
Pudney, S. (2002). The road to ruin? Sequences of initiation into drug use and offending by young people in Britain. London: Home Office.
Taylor, C & Becker, P. (2015). Are your friends crucial or trivial? Peer support’s effect on recidivism. Justice Policy Journal, 12(1), 1-20.
Tenibiaje, D. (2013). Educational attainment and peer group influence as predictors of recidivism. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 30-37.
Travis, J., McBride, E & Solomon, A. (2005). Families left behind: The hidden costs of incarceration and reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
Seddon, T. (2000). Explaining the drug-crime link: theoretical, policy and research issues. Journal of Social Policy, 29(1), 95-107.
Scott, C., Grella, C., Dennis, M & Funk, R. (2014). Predictors of recidivism over 3 years among substance-using women released from jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(11), 1257-1289.
Spohn, C & Holleran, D. (2002). The effect of imprisonment on recidivism rates of felony offenders: a focus on drug offenders. Criminology, 40(2), 329–358
Sullivan, E., Mino, M & Nelson, K. (2002). Families as a resource in recovery from drug abuse: An evaluation of La Bodega de la Familia. Washington, DC: Vera Institute of Justice.
Svensson, R. (2000). Risk factors for different dimensions of adolescent drug use. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 9(3), 67–90.
VanDeCarr, P. (2007). Call to action: How programs in three cities responded to the prisoner reentry crisis. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.
Visher, C., & Travis, J. (2003). Transition from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.
