Kesan Kepercayaan dan Efikasi Kendiri ke atas Pengajaran Pendidikan Islam Berintegrasikan KBAT di Malaysia: Satu Analisis Multilevel
Abstract
Kajian ini mengkaji hubungan antara kepercayaan, efikasi kendiri, dan pengajaran Pendidikan Islam berintegrasikan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT). Seramai 642 orang GPI dari 112 buah sekolah terlibat dalam tinjauan ini. Analisis secara multilevel dijalankan untuk meneroka bagaimana pemboleh ubah peringkat kumpulan (kepercayaan) memberi kesan ke atas pemboleh ubah peringkat individu (efikasi kendiri dan amalan pengajaran Pendidikan Islam berintegrasikan KBAT). Dapatan menunjukkan kepercayaan dan efikasi kendiri berhubung secara positif dan signifikan ke atas pengajaran Pendidikan Islam berintegrasikan KBAT. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan efikasi kendiri berperanan sebagai mediator terhadap hubungan antara kepercayaan dan pengajaran Pendidikan Islam berintegrasikan KBAT guru Pendidikan Islam. Implikasi dapatan kajian ini diharap dapat membantu memupuk sikap saling percaya dalam kalangan GPI dan komuniti sekolah serta membantu dalam memperbaiki amalan pengajaran mereka.
Downloads
References
Absha Atiah Abu Bakar, & Mohd Isa Hamzah. (2019). Professional learning community practices in improving self-efficacy of elementary school Islamic education teachers at Melaka Tengah, Melaka. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 1(1), 37–49.
Al- Ghazali. Terj. Ismail Yakub. (1988). Ihya’ Ulumuddin. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd.
Ashton, P. (1984). Teacher Efficacy: A Motivational Paradigm for effective teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, XXXV(5), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71799-9_418
Aziah Ismail, Loh, H. Y., & Abdul Ghani Kanesan Abdullah. (2015). Komuniti pembelajaran profesional dan efikasi kendiri guru sekolah menengah di Pulau Pinang. Jurnal Kepimpinan Pendidikan, 2(1), 1–12.
Azian Abdul Aziz @Ahmad, Fauziah Ismail, Noor Mala Ibrahim, & Norhanim Abdul Samat. (2017). Investigating the implementation of higher order thinking skills in Malaysian classrooms: Insights from L2 teaching practices. Sains Humanika, 9(4–2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v9n4-2.1361
Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2015). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Pendidikan Islam. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficay: Toward a unifying theory a behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75361-4
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company.
Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(2), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00092
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research. Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Gümüş, S. (2021). The Effect of Learning-Centred Leadership and Teacher Trust on Teacher Professional Learning: Evidence from a Centralised Education System. Professional Development in Education, 00(00), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1879234
Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 349–381). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bryk, A. S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: A core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership, 60(6), 40–44.
Cai, Y., & Tang, R. (2021). School support for teacher innovation: Mediating effects of teacher self-efficacy and moderating effects of trust. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41(May), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100854
Chan, W. Y., Lau, S., Nie, Y., Lim, S., & Hogan, D. (2008). Organizational and personal predictors of teacher commitment: The mediating role of teacher efficacy and identification with school. American Educational Research Journal, 45(3), 597–630. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831208318259
Chen, G., Mathieu, J. E., & Bliese, P. D. (2004). A Framework for Conducting Multi-Level Construct Validation. Research in Multi-Level Issues, 3, 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1475-9144(04)03013-9
Choong Yuen Onn, Jamal Nordin Yunus, Hamidah Yusof, Krishna Moorthy, & Seow Ai Na. (2018). The mediating effect of trust on the dimensionality of organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviour amongst teachers in Malaysia. Educational Psychology, 38(8), 1010–1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1426836
Çoban, Ö., Özdemir, N., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2020). Trust in principals, leaders’ focus on instruction, teacher collaboration, and teacher self-efficacy: testing a multilevel mediation model. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220968170
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education. In Routledge Tylor & Francis Group (Eighth Edi). Routledge Tylor & Francis Group.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Fourth Edi). Pearson Education.
Dale, R. L. (2004). The effect of teacher collaboration and school trust on collective efficacyا. Dissertation of Doctor Of Education, Oklahoma State University.
Davies, B. (2004). The relationship between teacher efficacy and higher order instructional emphasis. In In Annual Meeting of the Australian Association for Research in Education.
Forsyth, P. B., Barnes, L. L. B., & Adams, C. M. (2006). Trust-effectiveness patterns in schools. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(2), 122–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230610652024
Gholami, M., Moghadam, P. K., Mohammadipoor, F., Tarahi, M. J., Sak, M., Toulabi, T., & Pour, A. H. H. (2016). Comparing the effects of problem-based learning and the traditional lecture method on critical thinking skills and metacognitive awareness in nursing students in a critical care nursing course. Nurse Education Today, 45, 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.06.007
Goddard, R. D., & Goddard, Y. L. (2001). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between teacher and collective efficacy in urban schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 807–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00032-4
Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Hoy, A. W. (2004). Collective efficacy beliefs:Theoretical developments, empirical evidence, and future directions. Educational Researcher, 33(3), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033003003
Goddard, R. D., Hoy, W. K., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2000). Collective teacher efficacy: Its meaning, measure, and impact on student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 37(2), 479–507. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312037002479
Goddard, R. D., Skrla, L., Salloum, S. J., Goddard, R. D., Skrla, L., Salloum, S. J., & Role, T. (2017). The Role of Collective Efficacy in Closing Student Achievement Gaps : A Mixed Methods Study of School Leadership for Excellence and Equity The Role of Collective Ef fi cacy in Closing Student Achievement. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, November, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10824669.2017.1348900
Gray, J. (2016). Investigating the role of collective trust, collective efficacy, and enabling school structures on overall school effectiveness. Education Leadership Review, 17(1), 114–128.
Happy Fitria. (2018). The influence of organizational culture and trust through the teacher performance in the private secondary school in Palembang. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 7(7), 82–86.
Haswani Dzul. (2017). Aplikasi elemen kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) dalam pengajaran Pendidikan Islam sekolah rendah. (Disertasi sarjana yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Hoy, W. K., Gage, C. Q., & Tarter, C. J. (2006). School mindfulness and faculty trust: Necessary conditions for each other? Educational Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X04273844
Hoy, W. K., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (1999). Five faces of trust: An empirical confirmation in urban elementary schools. Journal of School Leadership, 9(3), 184–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268469900900301
Hoy, W., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2003). Omnibus T ‐ Scale. 181–208.
Hsu, M. H., Ju, T. L., Yen, C. H., & Chang, C. M. (2007). Knowledge sharing behavior in virtual communities: The relationship between trust, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 65(2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.09.003
Jumadi Musa, Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin, Zakiah Noordin, Nur Afny Juati, & Hujaimah @ Siti Syafiqah Juhumin. (2020). Investigating Instructional Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Self-Efficacy and Trust Among Primary School Teacher. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 5(35), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.5350021
Kamarul Azmi Jasmi. (2010). Guru cemerlang Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah di Malaysia: Satu kajian kes. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025 (Pendidikan Prasekolah hingga Lepas Menengah).
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2018). Laporan Tahunan 2017 Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025. https://www.padu.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/PADU-LAPORAN-TAHUNAN-BM-2017-1.pdf
Klassen, R. M., & Tze, V. M. C. (2014). Teachers’ self-efficacy, personality, and teaching effectiveness: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 12, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2014.06.001
Klassen, R. M., Tze, V. M. C., Betts, S. M., & Gordon, K. A. (2011). Teacher efficacy research 1998-2009: Signs of progress or unfulfilled promise? Educational Psychology Review, 23(1), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9141-8
Lakshmanan, A., Heath, B. P., Perlmutter, A., & Elder, M. (2011). The impact of science content and professional learning communities on science teaching efficacy and standards-based instruction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 48(5), 534–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20404
Le, L. K. (2013). Teacher-efficacy for using HOTS pedagogy in the classroom [(Master’s theses). University of Connecticut]. http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/406
Lee, J. C. K., Zhang, Z., & Yin, H. (2011). A multilevel analysis of the impact of a professional learning community, faculty trust in colleagues and collective efficacy on teacher commitment to students. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(5), 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.01.006
Ling Ying Leh. (2016). Pengaruh Persekitaran Maklum Balas, Kepercayaan Terhadap Pemimpin dan Komunikasi Bimbingan Terhadap Efikasi Kendiri Pengajaran di Politeknik Malaysia. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Liou, Y. H., Daly, A. J., Canrinus, E. T., Forbes, C. A., Moolenaar, N. M., Cornelissen, F., Van Lare, M., & Hsiao, J. (2016). Mapping the social side of pre-service teachers: connecting closeness, trust, and efficacy with performance. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 23(6), 635–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1218329
Liu, S., & Hallinger, P. (2018). Principal Instructional Leadership , Teacher Self-Efficacy , and Teacher Professional Learning in China : Testing a Mediated-Effects Model. Educational Administration Quarterly, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X18769048
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
Maele, D. Van, & Houtte, M. Van. (2014). Teacher Trust in Students and the Organizational School Context: The Role of Student Culture and Teachability Perceptions. In D. Van Maele, P. B. Forsyth, & M. Van Houtte (Eds.), Trust and School Life: The Role of Trust for Learning, Teaching, Leading, and Bridging (pp. 171–188). Springer.
Mathieu, J. E., & Taylor, S. R. (2007). A framework of testing meso-mediational relationships in Organizational Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 141–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/job
Megan Tschannen-Moran, A. W. H. and W. K. . H. (1998). Teacher efficacy : Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202–248.
Mohamad Zaid Mustafa, Mohd Sa’ari Mohd Salleh, Rosnee Ahad, & Abdul Rasid Abdul Razzaq. (2018). Kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) dalam kalangan guru Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah kebangsaan daerah Batu Pahat, Johor. Human Sustainability Procedia (INSAN 2018 E-Proceeding), 9–17.
Mohamad Zaidir Zainal Abidin, & Kamisah Osman. (2017). Tahap pengetahuan, pemahaman, kemahiran, dan pelaksaanaan guru sains terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi ( KBAT ). Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural, 8(1), 97–113.
Mohd Syaubari Othman. (2019). Pelaksanaan Komposisi Pengajaran Guru Pendidikan Islam yang Megintegrasikan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) Dalam Bidang Akidah Sekolah Rendah Malaysia. (Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah). Tanjong Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Mohd Zaidi Mohd Zeki, Noor Muslieh Mustafa Kamal, Riyan Hidayat, Nurul Hijja Mazlan, & Nurulaini Moshidi. (2021). Cadangan Penyelesaian Pakar Pendidikan Berkaitan Pengajaran Guru Pendidikan Islam dalam Mengintegrasikan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi di Sekolah Menengah. Journal of Islamic Educational Research, 6, 18–34.
Noornajihan Jaafar. (2014). Pengaruh efikasi kendiri dan faktor persekitaran terhadap kualiti Guru Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah kebangsaan. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
Noornajihan Jaafar, & Ab Halim Tamuri. (2013). Hubungan antara efikasi kendiri dengan kualiti guru Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah kebangsaan Malaysia. Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education, 5(1), 41–60.
Norasmahani Nor, Nur Sofiah Suhaimi, Nur Syamira Abdul Wahab, Mohd Khushairi Che Ismail, Mohd Aderi Che Noh, & Khadijah Abdul Razak. (2015). Pelaksanaan KBAT dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah: Satu tinjauan di Putrajaya. Proceeding: 7th International Seminar on Regional Education, 361–375.
Nur Hawa Hanis Abdullah, & Ghazali Darusalam. (2018). Kesediaan guru melaksanakan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam pengajaran. Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 6(3), 22–31.
Nursafra Mohd Zhaffar. (2017). Kefahaman dan amalan penerapan pemikiran kritis dalam pengajaran Pendidikan Islam sekolah menengah. (Tesis Doktor Falsafah yang tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
Nurul Farhana Rerah, & Mohd Faisal Mohamed. (2021). Tahap Pengetahuan, Kemahiran dan Sikap Guru Pendidikan Islam (GPI) Terhadap Kesediaan Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran (PdP) Mod Atas Talian. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(10), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1076
Okpogba, D. (2001). Organizational structure, collegial trust, and college faculty teaching efficacy: A case study [Dissertation of Doctor Of Education, Oklahoma State University]. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja003690f
Onosko, J. J. (1991). Barriers to the Promotion of Higher-Order Thinking in Social Studies. Theory and Research in Social Education, 19(4), 341–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.1991.10505646
Paxton, C. L. C., Leis, M., & Rimm-Kaufman, S. E. (2014). Collective efficacy and adult community: Teacher and principal perceptions after two years of implementing “Leading Together” in schools. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness.
Peugh, J. L. (2010). A practical guide to multilevel modeling. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.002
Preacher, K. J., & Selig, J. P. (2010). Monte Carlo method for assessing multilevel Mediation: An interactive tool for creating confidence intervals for indirect effects in 1-1-1 multilevel models [Computer software]. http://quantpsy.org/
Preacher, K. J., & Selig, J. P. (2012). Advantages of Monte Carlo Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects. Communication Methods and Measures, 6(2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2012.679848
Putwain, D. W., & Embse, N. P. Von Der. (2018). Teacher self-efficacy moderates the relations between imposed pressure from imposed curriculum changes and teacher stress. Educational Psychology, 0(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1500681
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (Second Edi). Sage Publication, Inc.
Schipper, T. M., de Vries, S., Goei, S. L., & van Veen, K. (2019). Promoting a professional school culture through lesson study? An examination of school culture, school conditions, and teacher self-efficacy. Professional Development in Education, 46(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2019.1634627
Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting, and self-evaluation. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560308219
Shamilati Che Seman, Wan Mazwati Wan Yusoff, & Rahimah Embong. (2017). Teachers challenges in teaching and learning for higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in primary school. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 7(7), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2017.77.534.545
Sukiman Saad, Noor Shah Saad, & Mohd Uzi Dollah. (2012). Pengajaran kemahiran berfikir: Persepsi dan amalan guru Matematik semasa pengajaran dan pembelajaran di bilik darjah. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains & Matematik Malaysia, 2(1), 18–36.
Sukserm, T., & Takahashi, Y. (2012). Selfefficacy as a mediator of the relationships between learning and ethical behavior from human resource development in corporate social responsibility activity. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 4(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/17574321211207944
Tschannen-Moran, M. (2004). Whatʼs trust got to do with it? The role of faculty and principal trust in fostering student achievement. In D. C.Thompson & F. E. Crampton (Eds.), UCEA Conference Proceedings for Convention 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267851381
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, W. (1998). Trust in schools: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 36(4), 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239810211518
Wahlstrom, K. L., & Louis, K. S. (2008). How teachers experience principal leadership: The roles of professional community, trust, efficacy, and shared responsibility. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(4), 458–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08321502
Wan Ali Akbar Wan Abdullah, Nursafra Mohd Zhaffar, & Ab. Halim Tamuri. (2020). Aplikasi Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) dalam Pendidikan Islam Mengikut Bidang. Sains Insani, 5(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol5no1.123
Wan Amirah Wan Ismail, Mohd Isa Hamzah, & Maimun Aqsha Lubis. (2016). Kesediaan guru Pendidikan Islam sekolah rendah di Selangor terhadap penerapan KBAT dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 3(1), 79–92.
Wan Mat Sulaiman. (2011). Aplikasi kemahiran berfikir dalam pengajaran pengetahuan Agama Islam. Journal of Applied Research in Education, 15(1 & 2), 43–58.
Wolters, C. A., & Daugherty, S. G. (2007). Goal structures and teachers’ sense of efficacy: Their relation and association to teaching experience and academic level. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.181
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
Yin, H. B., Lee, J. C. K., Jin, Y. Le, & Zhang, Z. H. (2013). The effect of trust on teacher empowerment: The mediation of teacher efficacy. Educational Studies, 39(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2012.666339
Yin, H., To, K. H., Keung, C. P. C., & Tam, W. W. Y. (2019). Professional learning communities count: Examining the relationship between faculty trust and teacher professional learning in Hong Kong kindergartens. Teaching and Teacher Education, 82, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.03.019
Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2016). Teacher Self-Efficacy and Its Effects on Classroom Processes , Student Academic Adjustment , and Teacher Well-Being : A Synthesis of 40 Years of. Review of Educational Research, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626801
Zheng, X., Yin, H., & Liu, Y. (2020). Are professional learning communities beneficial for teachers? A multilevel analysis of teacher self-efficacy and commitment in China. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 32(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2020.1808484
Zohar, A. (2004). Higher order thinking in science classrooms: Students’ learning and teachers’ professional development. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Zohar, A., & Alboher Agmon, V. (2017). Raising test scores vs. teaching higher order thinking (HOT): senior science teachers’ views on how several concurrent policies affect classroom practices. Research in Science and Technological Education, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1395332
Zohar, A., Degani, A., & Vaaknin, E. (2001). Teachers’ beliefs about low-achieving students and higher order thinking. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(4), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00007-5
Zohar, A., & Schwartzer, N. (2005). Assessing teachers’ pedagogical knowledge in the context of teaching higher-order thinking. International Journal of Science Education, 27(13), 1595–1620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500186592















