Agropastoralism and Crops Dispersion: A Brief Discussion on Archaeological Sites and Main Discoveries in Archaeobotany in Central Asia
Keywords:
archaeobotany, archaeological sites, plant fossils, agropastoralism
Abstract
The sub-branch of archaeology, called archaeobotany connects present-day man with ancient plants. The ancient plant remains to give a picture of agro-pastoralists activities in Central Asia. Through the plant remains, the way of living, food habits, vegetation, economy and agricultural developments of Central Asia have been traced out. Archaeological sites give new insights into the agricultural denomination in the region, which revealed marked differences. Through archaeobotanical investigation of the plant remains like bread wheat(Triticum aestivum), rice( Oryza sativa), foxtail millet( Setaria italica), broomcorn millet( Panicum miliaceum), six-row barley( Hordeum vulgare ), and other plant fossils provide new prospects about ancient food production in the expanse of Central Asia. A brief discussion on Central Asian archaeological sites and recovered plant remains as well as the agricultural exchange of Central Asia with the neighboring regions are the worthy discussion and essence of this paper.
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References
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Chang, C., P. Tourtellotte, K. M. Baipakov, and F. P. Grigoriev. (2002). “The Evolution of Steppe Communities from Bronze Age Through Medieval Periods in Southeastern Kazakhstan”, (Zhetysu). Sweet Briar, VA: Sweet Briar College.
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David R. Harris, (1997).“Jeitun and the transition to agriculture in Central Asia", Archaeology International. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.0109
Dorian Q .Fuller, George Willcox & Robin G. Allaby .2011. “Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East, World Archaeology”, 43:4, 628-652, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2011.624747
E. Lightfoot, G. Motuzite-Matuzeviciute, T. C. O’Connell, I.A.Kukushkin, V. Loman, V. Varfolomeev ,F, X. Liui and M. K. Jones. (2015). “ How ‘Pastoral’ is Pastoralism? Dietry Divesity in Bronze Age Communities in Central Kazakhstan Steppe” Archaeometry, 57, Pages 232–249, doi: 10.1111/arcm.12123
Ehud Weiss and Daniel Zohary (2011). “Neolithic Southwest Asian Founder Crops, Their Biology, and Archaeobotany” Current Anthropology Volume 52, Supplement 4
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G. Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, R.C. Preece, S. Wang, L. Colominas, K. Ohnuma, S. Kume, A. Abdykanova and M.K. Jones. (2015). “Ecology and subsistence at the Mesolithic and Bronze Age site of
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Houyuan Lu, Jianping Zhang, Kam-biu Liub, Naiqin Wua, Yumei Lic, Kunshu Zhoua, Maolin Yed, Tianyu Zhang,Haijiang Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Licheng Shene, Deke Xua, and Quan Lia. (2009). “Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago”, Washington D.C.
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Jin-Feng Li, Idelisi Abuduresule, Francis M. Hueber, Wen-Ying Li, Xin-Jun Hu, Yue-Zhuo Li, Cheng-Sen Li. (2013). “Buried in Sands: Environmental Analysis at the Archaeological Site of Xiaohe Cemetery”, Xinjiang, China. PLoS ONE 8(7): e68957. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068957
Leo Aoi Hosoya , Yo-Ichiro Sato & Dorian Q. Fuller. (2010).“Editorial: the archaeobotany of early rice agriculture in Asia” Archaeol Anthropol Sci (2010) 2:57–59, DOI 10.1007/s12520-010-0034-z
Lisitsina, Gorislava N. (1981). “The History of Irrigation Agriculture in Southern Turkmenia. In The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries”, Philip L. Khol, ed. Pp. 350-358. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
Miller N.F. (1993). “Preliminary archaeobotanical results from the 1989 excavation at the Central Asian site of Gonur Depe, Turkmenistan”,Information Bulletin (International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia) 19: 149–163.
Miller N.F. (2003). “The use of plants at Anau North, A Central Asian Village at the Dawn of Civilization, Excavations at Anau, Turkmenistan” In: Hiebert F with Kurbansakhatov K (eds) Philadelphia, PA: University Museum Publications, pp.127–138, 201–215.
Miller NF. (1999). “Agricultural development in western Central Asia in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany” 8, 13–19. (doi:10.1007/ BF02042837)
Miller, N. F. (1984). ‘‘The Use of Dung as Fuel: An Ethnographic Example and an Archaeological Application,’’ Pale´orient 10: 71–79.
Naomi F. Miller. (1995). “ Archaeobotany: Macroremains”, American Journal of Archaeology, 99(),9-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/,506880
Naomi F. Miller. (1997). “The Analyses of archaeological plant remains”A Simon and Schuster company upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, ISBN 0-536-59881-9
Naomi F.M, Spengler R & Frachetti M. (2016). “Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence of seasonal climate”, The Holocene 1–10 DOI: 10.1177/0959683616641742
Naomi F.M. (2013). “Agropastoralism and archaeobiology: Connecting plants, animals and people in west and central Asia” University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Panyushkina, I., C. Chang, A. Clemens & N. Bykov. 2010. “First tree-ring chronology from Andronovo archaeological timbers of Bronze Age in Central Asia”, Dendrochronologia 28: 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2008.10.001
Pearsall D M. (2015). Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures. 3rd ed. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press
Pearshall, D.M. (2015). “Palaeoethnobotany, A Handbook of Procedures”, LEFT COAST PRESS, INC, 1630 North Main Street # 400, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 ISBN 978-1-61132-298-9, U.S.A
Pumpelly Raphael (1908). “Explorations in Turkestan Expedition 1904 Prehistoric Civilizations of Anau origins, Growth, and Influence of Environment” Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Robin Bendrey. (2013).“Reviews of Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study by David R. Harris and Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society by Anne Porter” Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Whiteknights Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
Roland Besenval and Abdullah Isakov. (1989).“ Sarazm et les débuts du peuplement agricole dans la région de Samarkand” URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43484861
Rouse L.M, Cerasetti B. (2014). “Ojakly: a Late Bronze Age mobile pastoralist site in the Murghab Region, Turkmenistan”, J. Field Archaeol. 39, 32–50. (doi:10. 1179/0093469013Z.00000000073)
Roustaei K, Mashkour .M and Tengberg. M. (2015). “Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq and the beginning of the Neolithic in north-east Iran”. Antiquity 89(345): 573–595.
Ruth B, Oliver H and Willy T. (2017). “Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen, charcoal, loss on ignition and chironomids at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay Range, Central Asia)”, The Holocene 17,7 , pp. 977–985
Schellenburg HC. (1908).“ The remains of plants from the north Kurgan, Anau. In: Pumpelly R (ed) Explorations in Turkestan, expedition of 1904”， Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington DC, vol 2, pp 471-473
Spengler R.N and Willcox G. (2013). “Archaeobotanical results from Sarazm, Tajikistan, an Early Bronze Age village on the edge: Agriculture and exchange”, Journal of Environmental Archaeology 18(3) 211–221.
Spengler R.N, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M. (2014). “Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab Delta, Southern Central Asi”,.Journal of Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23: 805–820.
Spengler R.N . (2015). “Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age”, Journal of World Prehistory 28(3): 215–253.
Spengler R.N, Claudia .C & Perry A. T. (2013). Agricultural production in the Central Asian mountains: Tuzusai, Kazakhstan (410–150 b.c.)” Boston University, ISSN: 0093-4690 (Print) 2042-4582 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yjfa20
Spengler R.N, Frachetti M.D and Domani P.N. (2014). “Late Bronze Age agriculture at Tasbas in the Dzhungar Mountains of eastern Kazakhstan”,Quaternary International 348: 147–157.
Spengler R.N, Naomi F. Miller, ReinderNeef Perry, A. Tourtellotte and CllaudiaCheng. (2017).“Linking agriculture and exchange to social developments of the Central Asian Iron Age” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2017.09.002， Journal of anthropological archaeology
Spengler R.N.. (2015). “Introducing archaeobotany to Central Asia” doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3969.0721
Spengler, R. N., Frachetti, M. D., and Fritz, G. J. (2013). “Ecotopes and herd foraging practices in the steppe/mountain ecotone of Central Asia during the Bronze and Iron Ages”, Journal of Ethnobiology, 33(1), 125–47.
Spengler, R. N., Frachetti, M. D., Doumani, P., Rouse, L., Cerasetti, B., Bullion, E., and Mar’yashev, A., (2014).”Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Asia”, Proceedings of the Royal,Society Series B, 281(1783)
Tao Chen, Yan Wu, Yongbing Zhang, Bo Wang, Yaowu Hu, Changsui Wang and Hongen Jiang .2012.”Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal Remains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang”, China. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137
Tengberg .M .(1999). “ Crop husbandry at Miri Qalat Makran, SW Pakistan (4000–2000 B.C). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany”, 8(1): 3–12.
Willcox, G. (2002). “Evidence for ancient forest cover and deforestation from charcoal analysis of Ten archaeological sites on the Euphrates”, pp. 141–5 in Thiébault, S. (ed.), Charcoal Analysis. Methodological Approaches, Palaeoecological Results and Wood Uses (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1063). Oxford: Archaeo press
Wu, X., Miller, N. F., & Crabtree, P. (2015). “Agro-Pastoral Strategies and Food Production on the Achaemenid Frontier in Central Asia: A Case Study of Kyzyltepa in Southern Uzbekistan”, LIII 93-117. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/ penn_museum_papers/1
Xiaoyan Yang, Zhiwei Wan, Linda Perry,Houyuan Lu, Qiang Wang,Chaohong Zhao, Jun Li, Fei Xie, Jincheng Yu,Tianxing Cui, Tao Wang, Mingqi Li and Quansheng Ge. (2012). "Early millet use in northern China” Washington DC, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1115430109
Chang, C., P. Tourtellotte, K. M. Baipakov, and F. P. Grigoriev. (2002). “The Evolution of Steppe Communities from Bronze Age Through Medieval Periods in Southeastern Kazakhstan”, (Zhetysu). Sweet Briar, VA: Sweet Briar College.
Charles M and Bogaard A. (2010). “Charred plant macro-remains from Jeitun: Implications for early cultivation and herdingpractices in western Central Asia”. In: Harris DR (ed.) Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: Archaeological and Environmental Investigations in Southern Turkmenistan. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 150–165.
Chris J Stevens, Charlene Murphy, Rebecca Roberts, Leilani Lucas, Fabio Silva and Dorian Q Fuller, (2016). “Between China and South Asia: A Middle Asian corridor of crop dispersal and agricultural innovation in the Bronze Age” The Holocene, Vol. 26(10) 1541–1555
Christine A. Hastorf (1999).“ Recent Research in Paleoethnobotany ”，Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 7, No. 1
Cristina Castillo & Dorian Q. Fuller. (2010). “Still too fragmentary and dependent upon change? Advances in the study of early Southeast Asian archaeobotany” (pp. 91-111), London
D. R. Harris , V. M. Masson , Y. E. Berezkin , M. P. Charles (1993).“Investigating early agriculture in Central Asia: new research at Jeitun, Turkmenistan” Antiquity Publications Ltd 1993, pp. 324-338
David R. Harris, (1997).“Jeitun and the transition to agriculture in Central Asia", Archaeology International. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai.0109
Dorian Q .Fuller, George Willcox & Robin G. Allaby .2011. “Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East, World Archaeology”, 43:4, 628-652, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2011.624747
E. Lightfoot, G. Motuzite-Matuzeviciute, T. C. O’Connell, I.A.Kukushkin, V. Loman, V. Varfolomeev ,F, X. Liui and M. K. Jones. (2015). “ How ‘Pastoral’ is Pastoralism? Dietry Divesity in Bronze Age Communities in Central Kazakhstan Steppe” Archaeometry, 57, Pages 232–249, doi: 10.1111/arcm.12123
Ehud Weiss and Daniel Zohary (2011). “Neolithic Southwest Asian Founder Crops, Their Biology, and Archaeobotany” Current Anthropology Volume 52, Supplement 4
Eleni Asouti & Phil Austin. (2005). “Reconstructing woodland vegetation and its exploitation by past socities, based on the analysis and interpretation of archaeological wood charcoal macroremains” Environmental Archaeology pp1-18, DOI: 10.1179/146141005790083867
Frachetti, M.D., Spengler, R.N., Fritz, G.J. and Mar’yashev, A.N. (2010). “Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the Central Eurasian steppe region”, Antiquity 84: 993–1010.
Fuller D.Q .2011a. “Finding plant domestication in the Indian Subcontinent”, Current Anthropology 52(S4): S347–S362.
Fuller D.Q and Boivin N. (2009). “ Crops, cattle and commensals across the Indian Ocean: Current and potential archaeobiological evidence”,E´tudes Oce´an Indien 42–43: 13–46.
G. Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, R.C. Preece, S. Wang, L. Colominas, K. Ohnuma, S. Kume, A. Abdykanova and M.K. Jones. (2015). “Ecology and subsistence at the Mesolithic and Bronze Age site of
Harrison N. (1995). “Preliminary archaeobotanical findings from 1994 excavations”. In; Hiebert F (ed) Progress Report, Harvard-IuTAKE Excavations at Anau South, Turkmenistan. Report on file, Peabody Museum, Cambridge MA, pp. 28-35
Heather L.P & Steven A.W. (2004). “Palaeoethnobotany: Modern Research connecting ancient plants and ancient peoples”, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University WA 98686-9600, ISSN: 1040-8371, doi: 10.1080/07352680490273220
Houyuan Lu, Jianping Zhang, Kam-biu Liub, Naiqin Wua, Yumei Lic, Kunshu Zhoua, Maolin Yed, Tianyu Zhang,Haijiang Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Licheng Shene, Deke Xua, and Quan Lia. (2009). “Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago”, Washington D.C.
J.M.J. de Wet, L.L. Oestry-Stidd, J.I. Cubero. (1979). “Origins and evolution of foxtail millets (Setaria italica) ” journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée, 26ᵉ année, bulletin n°1, Janvier-mars 1979. pp. 53-64; doi : 10.3406/jatba.1979.3783, http://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1979_num_26_1_3783
Jin-Feng Li, Idelisi Abuduresule, Francis M. Hueber, Wen-Ying Li, Xin-Jun Hu, Yue-Zhuo Li, Cheng-Sen Li. (2013). “Buried in Sands: Environmental Analysis at the Archaeological Site of Xiaohe Cemetery”, Xinjiang, China. PLoS ONE 8(7): e68957. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068957
Leo Aoi Hosoya , Yo-Ichiro Sato & Dorian Q. Fuller. (2010).“Editorial: the archaeobotany of early rice agriculture in Asia” Archaeol Anthropol Sci (2010) 2:57–59, DOI 10.1007/s12520-010-0034-z
Lisitsina, Gorislava N. (1981). “The History of Irrigation Agriculture in Southern Turkmenia. In The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia: Recent Soviet Discoveries”, Philip L. Khol, ed. Pp. 350-358. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
Miller N.F. (1993). “Preliminary archaeobotanical results from the 1989 excavation at the Central Asian site of Gonur Depe, Turkmenistan”,Information Bulletin (International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia) 19: 149–163.
Miller N.F. (2003). “The use of plants at Anau North, A Central Asian Village at the Dawn of Civilization, Excavations at Anau, Turkmenistan” In: Hiebert F with Kurbansakhatov K (eds) Philadelphia, PA: University Museum Publications, pp.127–138, 201–215.
Miller NF. (1999). “Agricultural development in western Central Asia in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Veg. Hist. Archaeobotany” 8, 13–19. (doi:10.1007/ BF02042837)
Miller, N. F. (1984). ‘‘The Use of Dung as Fuel: An Ethnographic Example and an Archaeological Application,’’ Pale´orient 10: 71–79.
Naomi F. Miller. (1995). “ Archaeobotany: Macroremains”, American Journal of Archaeology, 99(),9-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/,506880
Naomi F. Miller. (1997). “The Analyses of archaeological plant remains”A Simon and Schuster company upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, ISBN 0-536-59881-9
Naomi F.M, Spengler R & Frachetti M. (2016). “Millet cultivation across Eurasia: Origins, spread, and the influence of seasonal climate”, The Holocene 1–10 DOI: 10.1177/0959683616641742
Naomi F.M. (2013). “Agropastoralism and archaeobiology: Connecting plants, animals and people in west and central Asia” University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Panyushkina, I., C. Chang, A. Clemens & N. Bykov. 2010. “First tree-ring chronology from Andronovo archaeological timbers of Bronze Age in Central Asia”, Dendrochronologia 28: 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2008.10.001
Pearsall D M. (2015). Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures. 3rd ed. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press
Pearshall, D.M. (2015). “Palaeoethnobotany, A Handbook of Procedures”, LEFT COAST PRESS, INC, 1630 North Main Street # 400, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 ISBN 978-1-61132-298-9, U.S.A
Pumpelly Raphael (1908). “Explorations in Turkestan Expedition 1904 Prehistoric Civilizations of Anau origins, Growth, and Influence of Environment” Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Robin Bendrey. (2013).“Reviews of Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study by David R. Harris and Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society by Anne Porter” Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Whiteknights Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
Roland Besenval and Abdullah Isakov. (1989).“ Sarazm et les débuts du peuplement agricole dans la région de Samarkand” URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43484861
Rouse L.M, Cerasetti B. (2014). “Ojakly: a Late Bronze Age mobile pastoralist site in the Murghab Region, Turkmenistan”, J. Field Archaeol. 39, 32–50. (doi:10. 1179/0093469013Z.00000000073)
Roustaei K, Mashkour .M and Tengberg. M. (2015). “Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq and the beginning of the Neolithic in north-east Iran”. Antiquity 89(345): 573–595.
Ruth B, Oliver H and Willy T. (2017). “Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen, charcoal, loss on ignition and chironomids at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay Range, Central Asia)”, The Holocene 17,7 , pp. 977–985
Schellenburg HC. (1908).“ The remains of plants from the north Kurgan, Anau. In: Pumpelly R (ed) Explorations in Turkestan, expedition of 1904”， Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington DC, vol 2, pp 471-473
Spengler R.N and Willcox G. (2013). “Archaeobotanical results from Sarazm, Tajikistan, an Early Bronze Age village on the edge: Agriculture and exchange”, Journal of Environmental Archaeology 18(3) 211–221.
Spengler R.N, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M. (2014). “Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab Delta, Southern Central Asi”,.Journal of Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23: 805–820.
Spengler R.N . (2015). “Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age”, Journal of World Prehistory 28(3): 215–253.
Spengler R.N, Claudia .C & Perry A. T. (2013). Agricultural production in the Central Asian mountains: Tuzusai, Kazakhstan (410–150 b.c.)” Boston University, ISSN: 0093-4690 (Print) 2042-4582 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/yjfa20
Spengler R.N, Frachetti M.D and Domani P.N. (2014). “Late Bronze Age agriculture at Tasbas in the Dzhungar Mountains of eastern Kazakhstan”,Quaternary International 348: 147–157.
Spengler R.N, Naomi F. Miller, ReinderNeef Perry, A. Tourtellotte and CllaudiaCheng. (2017).“Linking agriculture and exchange to social developments of the Central Asian Iron Age” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2017.09.002， Journal of anthropological archaeology
Spengler R.N.. (2015). “Introducing archaeobotany to Central Asia” doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3969.0721
Spengler, R. N., Frachetti, M. D., and Fritz, G. J. (2013). “Ecotopes and herd foraging practices in the steppe/mountain ecotone of Central Asia during the Bronze and Iron Ages”, Journal of Ethnobiology, 33(1), 125–47.
Spengler, R. N., Frachetti, M. D., Doumani, P., Rouse, L., Cerasetti, B., Bullion, E., and Mar’yashev, A., (2014).”Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Asia”, Proceedings of the Royal,Society Series B, 281(1783)
Tao Chen, Yan Wu, Yongbing Zhang, Bo Wang, Yaowu Hu, Changsui Wang and Hongen Jiang .2012.”Archaeobotanical Study of Ancient Food and Cereal Remains at the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang”, China. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045137
Tengberg .M .(1999). “ Crop husbandry at Miri Qalat Makran, SW Pakistan (4000–2000 B.C). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany”, 8(1): 3–12.
Willcox, G. (2002). “Evidence for ancient forest cover and deforestation from charcoal analysis of Ten archaeological sites on the Euphrates”, pp. 141–5 in Thiébault, S. (ed.), Charcoal Analysis. Methodological Approaches, Palaeoecological Results and Wood Uses (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1063). Oxford: Archaeo press
Wu, X., Miller, N. F., & Crabtree, P. (2015). “Agro-Pastoral Strategies and Food Production on the Achaemenid Frontier in Central Asia: A Case Study of Kyzyltepa in Southern Uzbekistan”, LIII 93-117. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/ penn_museum_papers/1
Xiaoyan Yang, Zhiwei Wan, Linda Perry,Houyuan Lu, Qiang Wang,Chaohong Zhao, Jun Li, Fei Xie, Jincheng Yu,Tianxing Cui, Tao Wang, Mingqi Li and Quansheng Ge. (2012). "Early millet use in northern China” Washington DC, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1115430109
