Mengurus Keselamatan Sabah: Dilema dan Realiti
Keywords:
keselamatan nasional, keselamatan sektoral, sekuritisasi, Sabah
Abstract
Sebagai salah sebuah negeri di dalam Persekutuan Malaysia, Sabah banyak mewarisi karekteristik permasalahan pengurusan keselamatan negara membangun. Punca ancaman bukan sahaja datang daripada luar tetapi dari sumber dalaman. Oleh yang demikian, artikel ini menganalisa sumber-sumber ancaman keselamatan Sabah. Dengan menggunakan Teori Keselamatan Negara Membangun dan Teori Sekuritisasi sebagai asas rujukan perbincangan, artikel meneroka dan membincangkan bagaimana pengurusan keselamatam Sabah berhadapan dengan pelbagai dilemma dan dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor politik, hubungan antara negeri-persekutuan, dan konflik kesetiaan masyarakat kepada negeri. Artikel ini menyimpukan bahawa isu keselamatan telah disekuritisasikan oleh masyarakat dan pemimpin politik tempatan di Sabah, namun ancaman tersebut hanya berjaya disekuritisasikan apabila aktor-aktor sekuritisasi di peringkat persekutuan telah diyakini.
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References
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“Cops Identify agents illegally ferrying people to Indonesia from Tawau.” Star Online 9 Februari 2017. Atas Talian, diakses pada 3 Disember 2017 daripada https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/02/09/cops-identify-agents-illegally-ferrying-people-to-indonesia-from-tawau/
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“Sempadan diperkasa.” Utusan Borneo, 13 Feb 2016: hlm. 1
“Tawau council to demolish 40 vacant houses in Ice Box.” Daily Express Sabah Online, 15 September 2016. Atas Talian, diakses pada 7 Januari 2018 daripada http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=112837
Al-Mashat, A.M. (1985) National Security in the Third World. Boulder & London, Westview.
Allerton, C. (2017) Contested Statelessness in Sabah, Malaysia: Irregularity and the Politics of Recognition. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 15 (3): 250–268.
Arvin Tajari & Nurfazlina Affendi (2015) Illegal Immigrant and Security Crisis In Sabah (Malaysia).” Proceeding of the International Conference on Social Science Research, ICSSR 2015. 8 & 9 Jun 2015, Meliá Hotel Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Hlm 1-13.
Ayoob, M. (1995) The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and International System. Boulder & London, Lynne Reinner Publisher.
Azar E. dan Moon. C. (1988) Introduction. Dalam Edward E. Azar dan Chung-in Moon (pnyt.). National security in the Third World: the Management of Internal and External Threats. Aldershot, Hants UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited for Center of International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.
Azizah Kassim (2009) Filipino refugees in Sabah: State responses, public stereotypes and the dilemma over their future. Southeast Asian Studies, 47(1), 52–88.
Azizah Kassim & Ubong Imang. (2005) Orang Pelarian di Sabah: Status dan Prospek. Proceeding of Seminar on State Responses to the Presence and Employment of Foreign Workers in Sabah 2005, hlm 91-114.
Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. pnyt. (2014). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Politics, Edisi Keenam. London: Oxford University Press.
Booth, K. (1991) Security and Emancipation. Review of International Studies, 17(4), 313-326
Brown, H. (1983) Thinking about national security. Boulder. Co, Westview.
Buzan, B., Waever, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO., Lynne RiennerSmith.
Chew, A. 31 Januari 2018. Malaysia rejects proposal by Philippine government committee to claim Sabah as '13th federal state'. Channel News Asia Online. Atas Talian, diakases pada 6 March 2018 daripada https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-rejects-proposal-by-philippine-government-committee-to-9913514
Collins, A. (pnyt.) (2016) Contemporary security studies. Edisi ke Empat. Oxford, OUP.
ESCOM Times (Eastern Sabah Security Command). 11 Ogos 2017. Atas talian, diakses pada 10 Januari 2018 daripada https://esscom.gov.my/?p=18359 .
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, Sabah. (Disember 2015) Buku Tahunan Perangkaan Sabah 2014. Kota Kinabalu, Jabatan Perangkaan Sabah.
Kamarulnizam Abdullah. (2012) Mengkonsepsualkan Keselamatan Nasional Malaysia. Dalam Kamarulnizam Abdullah (pnyt.), Keselamatan Nasional Malaysia. Bangi, Penerbit UKM. Hlm 11-28.
Kamarulnizam dan Mahmud Embong (1998) Kepentingan Strategik dalam Konteks Keselamatan Negara Malaysia. Jurnal S0ejarah, 6, 151-175.
King, Victor T. (2017) Identities in Borneo: Constructions and Transformations. Dalam Victor T. King, Zawawi Ibrahim, & Nor Hasharina Hassan (pnyt). Borneo Studies in History, Society and Culture, (hlm. 177-207). Singapore, Springer.
Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN). Sejarah. Atas Talian, diakses pada 9 Julai 2018 daripada https://www.mkn.gov.my/page/sejarah .
Mohd Nur Hidayat, Hasbollah Hajimin, & Ibnor Azli Ibrahim (2017) Hak dan Perlindungan Pelarian Muslim Filipina Menurut Syariah dan Undang-Undang Malaysia: Kajian di Negeri Sabah. Jurnal Hadhari 9 (2), 193-205.
Noraini Abdullah. (1989). Leadership and National Security Perception. Dlm. Ayoob, M. & Samudavanija, C. A. (pnyt.). Leadership perceptions and national security: The Southeast Asia experience, (hlm. 142-159). Singapura: ISEAS.
Pye, O., Daud, R., Harmono, Y., & Tatat. (2012) Precarious lives: Transnational biographies of migrant oil palm workers. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 53(3), 330–342.
Ranjit Singh (2018). “No Evidence of Equal Partnership.” The Star Online, diakses pada 13 October 2018 daripada https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2018/10/05/no-evidence-for-equal-partnership/ .
Ruhanas Harun. (2009). The Evolution and development of Malaysia’s national security. Dlm. Abdul Razak Baginda (pnyt.). Malaysia’s defence & security since 1957, (hlm. 31-58). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Strategic Research Centre.
Ruhanie Ahmad, Kuik Cheng Chwee, Nor Azizan Idris. (2018). Reformasi Pengurusan Keselamatan Malaysia: Aktor, Struktur, dan Proses. Lifeways: International Journal of Society, Development and Environment in the Developing World. 2 (2), hlm. 44-58.
Sabah Museum (1992). A Brief Introduction to Sabah’s History and Heritage. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Museum.
Sadiq, K. (2005). When states prefer non-citizens over citizens: Conflict over illegal immigration into Malaysia. International Studies Quarterly 49, 101–122.
Saravanamuttu, J. (2010). Malaysia's foreign policy: the first fifty years: alignment,neutralism, Islamism. Singapore: ISEAS.
Simon Sipaun (2012). Sabah, Land of Illegal Immigrants! Sabah Kini. Atas Talian di http://malaysiasmustknowretrith.blogspot.com
Subjek A, Pegawai Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN) Malaysia, Wawancara, Putrajaya, 7 Julai 2018.
Suzainah J. “TPM Hadir Mesyuarat Lembaga Penasihat ESSZONE.” BH Online 17 April 2017, diakses pada 9 Februari 2018 daripada https://www.bharian.com.my/node/272588 .
Thomas, C. (1989) In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations. Boulder, CO., Rienner.
Trager, F.N. dan Simonie, F.L. (1973) An Introduction to the Study of National Security.” Dalam Frank N. Trager dan Philip S. Kronenberg (pnyt). National Security and American Society; Theory, Process, and Policy, (hlm. 1-11). Lawrence, KS., University Press of Kansas.
Tuan Roslan Tuan Ismail (Brig Gen Datuk), Bekas Pengarah Pusat Operasi ESCOM, Wawancara, Sept 17, 2017.
UNHCR. (2014). Global action plan to end statelessness: 2014–24. diakses pada 1 September 2018 daripada http://www. unhcr.org/54621bf49.html
UNHCR. 2018). Figures at a Glance in Malaysia. Atas Talian, diakses pada 1 September 2018 daripada http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance-in-malaysia.html .
United Nations. The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
United Nations. The 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.
Walt, S. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies. International Studies Quarterly 35(2), 211-239.
Waltz, K. (1979) Theory of International Relations. Reading, MA, MIT Pres.
Welman, Trans. (2011) Borneo Triology: Sabah, Land Below the Wind. Jilid 1, Buku 1. Bangkok, Bookmango.
Wolfers, A. (1962) Discord and Collaboration. Baltimore, John Hopkins Press.
Wright, L.R. (May 1966). Historical Notes on the North Borneo Dispute. The Journal of Asian Studies, 25 (3), 471-484.
