Privacy in the Era of Big Data: Unlocking the Blue Oceans of Data Paradigm in Malaysia
Keywords:
big data and law, big data and data protection laws, Personal Data Protection Act 2020
Abstract
Big Data has revolutionized the process of online activities such as marketing and advertisement based on individual preferences in the eCommerce industry. In Malaysia, the integration of Big Data in the commercial and business environment is keenly felt by establishing the National Big Data Analytics Framework catalyzing further economic growth in all sectors. However, the distinct features of Big Data spawn issues relating to privacy, such as data profiling, lack of transparency regarding privacy policies, accidental disclosures of data, false data or false analytics results. Hence, this research provides an insight into the intersection between Big Data and an individual's fundamental rights. The trade-off between privacy breaching and preserving is becoming more intense due to the rapid advancement of Big Data. Suggesting comparative analysis method as the data analysis approach, the adequacy of the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA 2010) in governing the risks of Big Data is evaluated against the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in managing the risk arising from the integration of Big Data. This research is hoped to initiate the improvement to the legislative framework, provides fundamentals to the formulation of national policy, and creation of specific law on Big Data in Malaysia, which will subsequently benefit industrial players and stakeholders.
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References
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McFee, A., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Big Data: The Management Revolution. Harvard Law Review, 90(10), 60-66. https://hbr.org/2012/10/big-data-the-management-revolution
Monreale, A., Rinzivillo, S., Pratesi, F. et al. (2014). Privacy by Design in Big Data Analytics and Social Mining. EPJ Data Science. 3(10), 3, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0010-4
National e-Commerce Roadmap. (2019). Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation Sdn Bhd, Malaysia. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://mdec.my/aboutmalaysia/government-policies/national-ecommerce-roadmap/
Norjihan Abdul Ghani, Suraya Hamid & Nur Izura Udzir. (2016). Big Data and Data Protection: Issues with Purpose Limitation Principle. International Journal Advancement Soft Computer Application, 38(8), 117-120.
OECD Secretariat. 2016. Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy To The Digital Era.
Oluwayomi A. Ajibade. (2018). A Critical Appraisal of Big Data Analytics within the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Landscape [Master Thesis, Tilburg University]. ResearchGate. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18365.31207
Pardo, A., & Siemens, G. (2014). Ethical and Privacy Principles for Learning Analytics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(3), 438-450.
Protection, Personal Data. 2010. “Laws of Malaysia Act 709 Personal Data Protection Act 2010.” 10 June 2010.
Qing Tan & Frederique Pivot. (2015). ‘Big Data Privacy: Changing Perception of Privacy’ IEEE. International Conference. Retrieved September 12, 2019, fromhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7463831
Quinn, Paul, and Liam Quinn. 2018. “Big Genetic Data and Its Big Data Protection Challenges.” Computer Law and Security Review.
Rubinstein, I,. S,. (2013). Big Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning?. International Data Privacy Law, (3)2, 74-87.
Satariano, A. (2019, July 8). After a Data Breach, British Airways Faces a Record Fine. The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2019, from https://nyti.ms/2NE2qGB
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Tchao, E.T., Diawuo, K., Kotey, S.D. & Aggor, C. (2017). Ghanaian Consumers Online Privacy Concerns: Causes and its Effects on E-Commerce Adoption. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 8(11), 157-163. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.01086
The International Trade Administration. (2020, August 19). Malaysia e-Commerce. United States Department of Commerce. https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malaysia-E-Commerce
The Power of Big Data in the China Market. Beyond Summits. Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://www.beyondsummits.com/blog/power-big-data-china-market
Thi Mai Le & Shu-Yi Liaw. (2017). Effects of Pros and Cons of Applying Big Data Analytics to Consumers’ Responses in an E-Commerce Context. Sustainability Journal 9(798), 1-19. www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/5/798/pdf-vor
Van Rest J., Boonstra D., Everts M., Van Rijn M., Van Paassen R. (2014). Designing Privacy-by-Design. In B. Preneel and D. Ikonomou (Eds.), Privacy Technologies and Policy. APF 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 83(19), 55–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54069-1_4
Wastermann, H. (2018). Change of Purpose The effects of the Purpose Limitation Principle in the General Data Protection Regulation on Big Data Profiling [Master Thesis, Lund University]. Lund Universities Libraries. http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/8941820.
Weizen, T. (2017, February 24). In The Business of Big Data, Singapore Has Built A Cutting Edge. Today. Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/business-big-data-singapore-has-built-cutting-edge
Zarsky, T. Z. (2017). Incompatible: The GDPR in the Age of Big Data. Seton Hall Law Review, 47(995), 995-1020. https://scholarship.shu.edu/shlr/vol47/iss4/2
Abu Bakar Munir et al. (2015). Big Challenges to Privacy and Data Protection. International Journal of Computer and Information Engineering, 9(1), 355-363. Retrieved May 10, 2019, from https://waset.org/publications/10000669/big-data-big-challenges-to-privacyand-data-protection
Akter, S., Wamba, S.F. (2016). Big data analytics in E-commerce: a systematic review and agenda for future research. Electron Markets 26, 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-016-0219-0
Anugerah, Dian Purnama, and Masitoh Indriani. 2018. “Data Protection in Financial Technology Services: Indonesian Legal Perspective.” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
Auffray, Charles, Rudi Balling, Inês Barroso, László Bencze, Mikael Benson, Jay Bergeron, Enrique Bernal-Delgado, Niklas Blomberg, Christoph Bock, Ana Conesa, Susanna Del Signore, Christophe Delogne, Peter Devilee, Alberto Di Meglio, Marinus Eijkemans, Paul Flicek, Norbert Graf, Vera Grimm, Henk Jan Guchelaar, Yi Ke Guo, Ivo Glynne Gut, Allan Hanbury, Shahid Hanif, Ralf Dieter Hilgers, Ángel Honrado, D. Rod Hose, Jeanine Houwing-Duistermaat, Tim Hubbard, Sophie Helen Janacek, Haralampos Karanikas, Tim Kievits, Manfred Kohler, Andreas Kremer, Jerry Lanfear, Thomas Lengauer, Edith Maes, Theo Meert, Werner Müller, Dörthe Nickel, Peter Oledzki, Bertrand Pedersen, Milan Petkovic, Konstantinos Pliakos, Magnus Rattray, Josep Redón i Màs, Reinhard Schneider, Thierry Sengstag, Xavier Serra-Picamal, Wouter Spek, Lea A. I. Vaas, Okker van Batenburg, Marc Vandelaer, Peter Varnai, Pablo Villoslada, Juan Antonio Vizcaíno, John Peter Mary Wubbe, and Gianluigi Zanetti. 2016. “Making Sense of Big Data in Health Research: Towards an EU Action Plan.” Genome Medicine.
Avinash & Akarsha. (2017). Big Data Analytics for E-Commerce - Its Impact on Value Creation. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 6(1), 181-188.
Barocas, Solon, and Andrew Selbst. 2016. “Big Data’s Disparate Impact.” California Law Review.
Basheer Ahmad Maula Sahul Hameed v PP 2016 6 CLJ 422.
Benefits of Big Data Indonesia for E-commerce Business in the Pandemic Period. (n.d.). Soltius. Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://www.soltius.co.id/blog/benefits-of-big-data-indonesia-for-e-commerce-business-in-the-pandemic-period
Berman, J. (2013) Principles of Big Data: Preparing, Sharing, and Analyzing Complex Information. Morgan Kaufmann (Elsevier): Waltham.
Bernama. (2019, September 27). Customer Data Breach Contained, Says Malindo Air. New Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.nst.com.my /news/nation/2019/09/525208/customer-data-breach-contained-says-malindo-air
Cate, F. and Schönberger, V. (2013). Notice and Consent in a World of Big Data. International Data Privacy Law, (3)2, 67-73.
Datastax. (2012). Big Data: Beyond the Hype Why Big Data Matters to You. 1-19. Retrieved May 7, 2019 from http://docplayer.net/822486-Big-data-beyond-the hype.html
European Commission. (2013). Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. Opinion 03 / 2013 on Purpose Limitation. (Article 30 of Directive 95/46/EC and Article 15 of Directive 2002/58/EC). (pp. 1-70)
Eva Glawishing v Facebook Ireland Limited, unreported Court of Justice of the European Union (No 128/19, 3 October 2019).
Finn, R., Wright, D., Friedewald L.M., Fraunhofer & Karlsruhe. (2013). Seven Types of Privacy. 7. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258892458_Seven_Types_of_Privacy#citations
Girard, M. (2019). Big Data Analytics Need Standards to Thrive: What Standards Are and Why They Matter. Centre for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved on September 25, 2019, from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Paper%20no.209.pdf
Gromenko, B. D. (2019). Corporate Security in the EU and GDPR: Data breaches in British Airways and The Marriott International [Unpublished master dissertation]. University of Economics, Prague.
Gürses, S., Troncoso, C., & Diaz, C. (2015). Engineering privacy by design reloaded. In Amsterdam Privacy Conference (pp. 2).
Ho, S. (2018, June 25). Powering Alibaba’s eWTP with big Data Analytics, AI and Machine Learning. The Edge Markets. Retrieved October 5, 2019, from https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/powering-alibabas-ewtp-big-data-analytics-ai-and-machine-learning
Hoofnagle, H. J., Van der Sloot, B. & Borgesius, F.Z. (2019). The European Union General Data Protection Regulation: What it is and What it Means. Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(1), 65-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2019.157350
Hummerick, M. (2018). The Tortoise and the Hare of International Data Privacy Privacy Law: Can the United States Catch Up to Rising Global Standards? Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology. 27. p.89.
Information Commissioner’s Office. 2018. Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Kandiah, S. (2019). Malaysia. In A.C. Raul (6th Eds.), The Privacy, Data Protection and Cybersecurity Law Review. (pp. 251-265). 2019 Law Business Research Ltd. Retrieved on September 28, 2019, from https://www.sidley.com/-/media/publications/theprivacydataprotectionandcybersecuritylawreviewedition6.pdf
Mcdermott, Y. (2017). Conceptualising the Right to Data Protection in an Era of Big Data. Big Data & Society, 2-5, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951716686994
McFee, A., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Big Data: The Management Revolution. Harvard Law Review, 90(10), 60-66. https://hbr.org/2012/10/big-data-the-management-revolution
Monreale, A., Rinzivillo, S., Pratesi, F. et al. (2014). Privacy by Design in Big Data Analytics and Social Mining. EPJ Data Science. 3(10), 3, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0010-4
National e-Commerce Roadmap. (2019). Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation Sdn Bhd, Malaysia. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://mdec.my/aboutmalaysia/government-policies/national-ecommerce-roadmap/
Norjihan Abdul Ghani, Suraya Hamid & Nur Izura Udzir. (2016). Big Data and Data Protection: Issues with Purpose Limitation Principle. International Journal Advancement Soft Computer Application, 38(8), 117-120.
OECD Secretariat. 2016. Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy To The Digital Era.
Oluwayomi A. Ajibade. (2018). A Critical Appraisal of Big Data Analytics within the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Landscape [Master Thesis, Tilburg University]. ResearchGate. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18365.31207
Pardo, A., & Siemens, G. (2014). Ethical and Privacy Principles for Learning Analytics. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(3), 438-450.
Protection, Personal Data. 2010. “Laws of Malaysia Act 709 Personal Data Protection Act 2010.” 10 June 2010.
Qing Tan & Frederique Pivot. (2015). ‘Big Data Privacy: Changing Perception of Privacy’ IEEE. International Conference. Retrieved September 12, 2019, fromhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7463831
Quinn, Paul, and Liam Quinn. 2018. “Big Genetic Data and Its Big Data Protection Challenges.” Computer Law and Security Review.
Rubinstein, I,. S,. (2013). Big Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning?. International Data Privacy Law, (3)2, 74-87.
Satariano, A. (2019, July 8). After a Data Breach, British Airways Faces a Record Fine. The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2019, from https://nyti.ms/2NE2qGB
Sharon, A. (2019, October 10). Big Data Key for Achieving Malaysia’s Digital Economy Aspirations. Open Gov. Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://opengovasia.com/big-datakey-for-achieving-malaysias-digital-economy-aspirations/
Singh, H. (2018, November 5). How Big Data is Helping E-commerce and Physical Businesses? Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://customerthink.com/how-big-data-is-helping-e-commerce-and-physical-businesses/
Storr, C. & Storr, P. (2017). Internet of Things: Right to Data from a European Perspective. In Corrales, M., In Fenwick, M., & In Forgó, N. (Eds.), New technology, big data and the law (2017). (pp.66-94). http://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-981-10-5038-1_4
Tambe, P. (2014). Big Data Investments, Skills, and Firm Value. Management Science, 60(6), 1452-1469. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2294077
Tchao, E.T., Diawuo, K., Kotey, S.D. & Aggor, C. (2017). Ghanaian Consumers Online Privacy Concerns: Causes and its Effects on E-Commerce Adoption. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 8(11), 157-163. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.01086
The International Trade Administration. (2020, August 19). Malaysia e-Commerce. United States Department of Commerce. https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malaysia-E-Commerce
The Power of Big Data in the China Market. Beyond Summits. Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://www.beyondsummits.com/blog/power-big-data-china-market
Thi Mai Le & Shu-Yi Liaw. (2017). Effects of Pros and Cons of Applying Big Data Analytics to Consumers’ Responses in an E-Commerce Context. Sustainability Journal 9(798), 1-19. www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/5/798/pdf-vor
Van Rest J., Boonstra D., Everts M., Van Rijn M., Van Paassen R. (2014). Designing Privacy-by-Design. In B. Preneel and D. Ikonomou (Eds.), Privacy Technologies and Policy. APF 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 83(19), 55–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54069-1_4
Wastermann, H. (2018). Change of Purpose The effects of the Purpose Limitation Principle in the General Data Protection Regulation on Big Data Profiling [Master Thesis, Lund University]. Lund Universities Libraries. http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/8941820.
Weizen, T. (2017, February 24). In The Business of Big Data, Singapore Has Built A Cutting Edge. Today. Retrieved September 5, 2019, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/business-big-data-singapore-has-built-cutting-edge
Zarsky, T. Z. (2017). Incompatible: The GDPR in the Age of Big Data. Seton Hall Law Review, 47(995), 995-1020. https://scholarship.shu.edu/shlr/vol47/iss4/2
