Teachers’ Role in Teaching Speaking Against the Incongruencies between Curriculum and Curriculum Implementation
Keywords:
curriculum, speaking skills, teacher’s initiatives
Abstract
The English language has long been regarded as an important tool in creating a marketable human capital. To be involved with the current, highly competitive economy, a developing country needs to produce a generation of marketable human capital. This is of the utmost importance in achieving economic prosperity. Hence for developing countries like Malaysia, which regarded English as a second language, English is taught in school as a second language. However, the English Proficiency level of the new generation in Malaysia is dwindling and this affected the production of good human capital. Weaknesses that lead to the decline are both systemic and in its implementation as there exist lack of cohesiveness with the curriculum, the implementation and finally with the assessment. In the middle of this are teachers and their struggle in producing students who can use English communicatively. This paper aims to discuss the decline of speaking skills as a result of incongruencies of the curriculum and its implementation and teachers’ role in creating marketable human capitals amidst the existence of these incongruencies.
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References
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Azman, H. (1994). Teaching the KBSM English Language: Towards a Process Oriented Approach. Akademika, 45(2), 23–33.
Azman, H. (2016). Implementation and Challenges of English Language Education Reform in Malaysian Primary Schools. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies –, 22(3), 65–78.
Baharun, H., Sidek, H. M., Saazai, N., Saad, M., Muzhafar, M., Idrus, M., … Ashikin, Z. (2016). The Malaysian Secondary School EFL Speaking Curriculum: A Theoretical Foundation Alignment Analysis. International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 2(6), 465–474.
Chan, H. C., Yunus, M. M., & Mohamad, M. (2017). ‘ Who We Are ’ in Enhancing Rural Students ’ English as a Second Language (ESL) Learning. Asian EFL Journal, 2(April), 5–18.
Cheong, K.-C., Hill, C., & Leong , Y.-C. (2016). Malaysia’s Education Policies and the Law of Unintended Consequences . Journal of International and Comparative Education, 5(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.14425/jice.2016.5.2.73
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Davies, P., & Pearse, E. (2000). Success in English Teaching (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Education First EPI. (2019). EF English Proficiency Index: A Ranking of 100 Countries and Regions by English Skills. Retrieved from https://www.ef.com/wwen/epi/
Hashim, H. U., Yunus, M. M., & Hashim, H. (2018). 3-minutes pitching with flip grid: An antidote of innovation for speaking anxiety. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(7), 1798–1801.
Idris, M., & Zakaria, M. H. (2016). Gauging ESL Learners’ CEFR Ratings on Oral Proficiency in Rater Training. Man in India, 96(6), 1675–1682.
Ismail, H. (2018, October). Merealisasikan Enam Aspirasi Murid: Penghormatan Untuk Wira yang Tidak Didendang. Pendidik, 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.pendidik.com.my/2018/10/30/merialisasi/
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Khan, M. R., Khan, S. R., & Ahmad, S. (2016). Students’ Perceptions about the Importaance of Communication Skills: A Case Study of EFL Learners at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Language Education, 4(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v v4i1.8782
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Lucanus, A. (2017). Oral Communication Skills Are Important for Students. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from The College Puzzle: A college success blog by Dr. Michael W. Kirst website: https://collegepuzzle.stanford.edu/oral-communication-skills-are-important-for-stude nts/
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Majid, N., Ahmad, R. R., Mamat, N. J. Z., Rambely, A. S., Muda, N., Jaaman, S. H., … Mahmood Rafee, N. (2012). Transformation of Language in Teaching and Learning Policy. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 685–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.331
Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2017). Laporan Peperiksaan MUET 2017. Retrieved from http://portal.mpm.edu.my/laporan-peperiksaan-stpm-dan-muet-tahun-2017
Mangaleswaran, S., & Aziz, A. A. (2019). The Impact of the Implementation of CLT On Students’ Speaking Skills. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 9(4), p8814. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.04.2019.p8814
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Ministry Of Education. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025. In Ministry of Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007
Ministry Of Education. (2015). English Language Education Reform in Malaysia: The Roadmap 2015-2025.
Ministry Of Education. (2017). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Inggeris - Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (Tingkatan 1) (1st ed.). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Ministry Of Education. (2018). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Inggeris - Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (Tingkatan 4) (1st ed.). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Misbah, N. H., Mohamad, M., Yunus, M.M., & Ya’acob, A. (2017). Identifying the Factors Contributing to Students ’ Difficulties in the English Language Learning. Creative Education, (8), 1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.813136
Mohamad Uri, N. F., & Abd Aziz, M. S. (2018). Implementation of CEFR in Malaysia : Teachers ’ awareness and the Challenges. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies –, 24(3), 168–183. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2403-13
Moon, W., & Park, O. (2019). Factors affecting English Language Learning Motivation of Korean Freshmen and their General Characteristics. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2S6), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1005.0782s619
Neill, M. O., & Chapman, A. (2015). Globalisation, Internationalisation and English Language: Studies of Education in Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. Education Research and Perspective: An International Journal, 42, 1–24.
Nguyen, H. T., & Tran, N. M. (2015). Factors Affecting Students’ Speaking Performance at Le Thanh Hien High School. Asian Journal of Educaitonal Research, 3(2), 8–23.
Nunan, D. (1991). Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers (1st ed.). Prentice Hall.
Nunan, D., & Bailey, K. (2003). Practical English Language Teaching. In D. Nunan (Ed.), McGraw-Hill (Internatio). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Rahman, M. S. (2016). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language “Testing and Assessment” Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Ramamuruthy, V. (2019). The Effects of Task-based Approach on Speaking Anxiety among ESL Low Proficiency Diploma Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(6), 1363–1375. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.070604
Rao, S. S. (2009). Globalisation, Affirmative Action and Higher Education Reforms in Malaysia: A Tightrope Walk between Equality and Excellence. The Asian Scholar, 5, 1–26.
Rashid, R. A. B., Rahman, S. B. A., & Yunus, K. (2017). Reforms in the policy of English language teaching in Malaysia. Policy Futures in Education, 15(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210316679069
Roever, C., & McNamara, T. (2006). Language Testing: The Social Dimension. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=XrOE14OdUwEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Thirusanku, J., & Yunus, M. M. (2017). Status of English in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p254
Toyama, M., & Mori, K. (2017). Reducing Student Anxiety : The Effects of Collaborative Learning through Computer Conferencing. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(12), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2017.7.12.993
University of Cambridge. (2011). Using the CEFR: Principal of Good Practice. Retrieved from http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/126011-using-cefr-principles-of-good-practice.pdf
Wan, C. Da, Sirat, M., & Razak, D. A. (2018). Education in Malaysia Towards a Developed Nation. In Economics Working Paper (No. 2018–4).
Wong, C. W. (2019, December 15). Teaching with a purpose. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/on-the-beat/2019/12/15/teaching-with-a-purpose?fbclid=IwAR2qkBs7lvf0TYd0vzmZ4tTrkUm7PScGfKnccqFaOwZW-DO1i2bRPFLTvZqE
Yaakob, M. F. M., Musa, M. R., Habibi, A., & Othman, R. (2019). Strategic Management and Strategic Planning in School: Is It Worth for Teachers? Academy of Strategic Management Journal, (3), 1–6. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333662860%0ASTRATEGIC
Yang, L. F., & Ahmad Ishak, M. S. (2012). Framing controversy over language policy in Malaysia : the coverage of PPSMI reversal ( teaching of mathematics and science in English ) by Malaysian newspapers. Asian Journal of Communication, 22(5), 449–473. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.701312
Zaki, M. H. ., Yunus, M. M., & Hashim, H. (2017). The Use of Audio Visual Aids in Developing Pupil’s Speaking Skills: Malaysian Context. Asian Social Science Journal, 4, 165–172.
Ahmad, M. A. K. A., & Yunus, M. M. (2019). A Collaborative Learning Intervention Module To Improve Speaking Fluency. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(12), 1834–1838.
Albury, N. J., & Khin, K. A. (2016). Malaysia’s National Language Policy in International Theoretical Context. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 1(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol1iss1pp71-84
Ansari, M. S. (2015). Speaking anxiety in ESL/EFL classrooms: A holistic approach and practical study. International Journal of Educational Investigations, 2(4), 38–46.
Azman, H. (1994). Teaching the KBSM English Language: Towards a Process Oriented Approach. Akademika, 45(2), 23–33.
Azman, H. (2016). Implementation and Challenges of English Language Education Reform in Malaysian Primary Schools. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies –, 22(3), 65–78.
Baharun, H., Sidek, H. M., Saazai, N., Saad, M., Muzhafar, M., Idrus, M., … Ashikin, Z. (2016). The Malaysian Secondary School EFL Speaking Curriculum: A Theoretical Foundation Alignment Analysis. International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 2(6), 465–474.
Chan, H. C., Yunus, M. M., & Mohamad, M. (2017). ‘ Who We Are ’ in Enhancing Rural Students ’ English as a Second Language (ESL) Learning. Asian EFL Journal, 2(April), 5–18.
Cheong, K.-C., Hill, C., & Leong , Y.-C. (2016). Malaysia’s Education Policies and the Law of Unintended Consequences . Journal of International and Comparative Education, 5(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.14425/jice.2016.5.2.73
Curriculum Development Center. (2003). Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran Bahasa Inggeris Tingkatan 5. In Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Davies, P., & Pearse, E. (2000). Success in English Teaching (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Education First EPI. (2019). EF English Proficiency Index: A Ranking of 100 Countries and Regions by English Skills. Retrieved from https://www.ef.com/wwen/epi/
Hashim, H. U., Yunus, M. M., & Hashim, H. (2018). 3-minutes pitching with flip grid: An antidote of innovation for speaking anxiety. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(7), 1798–1801.
Idris, M., & Zakaria, M. H. (2016). Gauging ESL Learners’ CEFR Ratings on Oral Proficiency in Rater Training. Man in India, 96(6), 1675–1682.
Ismail, H. (2018, October). Merealisasikan Enam Aspirasi Murid: Penghormatan Untuk Wira yang Tidak Didendang. Pendidik, 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.pendidik.com.my/2018/10/30/merialisasi/
Kandasamy, C., & Habil, H. (2018). Exploring Cooperative Learning Method to Enhance Speaking Skills Among School Students. LSP International Journal, 5(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v5n2.59
Khan, M. R., Khan, S. R., & Ahmad, S. (2016). Students’ Perceptions about the Importaance of Communication Skills: A Case Study of EFL Learners at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Language Education, 4(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v v4i1.8782
Khan, S. M. (2015). Influence of Speech Anxiety on Oral Communication Skills among ESL/EFL Learners. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 6(6), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.6n.6p.49
Leong, L., & Ahmadi, S. M. (2017). An Analysis of Factors Influencing Learners’ English Speaking Skill. International Journal of Research in English Education, 2(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.ijree.2.1.34
Lim, P. M. S., Yunus, M. M., & Mohamad, M. (2016). The Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013 and its effects on English Language teaching in Malaysia The Asian EFL Journal Professional Teaching Articles December 2016 Indonesian International Conference Edition Volume 4 Senior Editors : Paul Robertson and Joh. The Asian EFL Journal, 4(7), 158–171.
Lucanus, A. (2017). Oral Communication Skills Are Important for Students. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from The College Puzzle: A college success blog by Dr. Michael W. Kirst website: https://collegepuzzle.stanford.edu/oral-communication-skills-are-important-for-stude nts/
Mahmoud, M. S., & Mitkees, H. (2017). Malaysia’s Vision 2020 and the Role of leadership in Economic Development. Asian Social Science, 13(8), 49. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n8p49
Majid, N., Ahmad, R. R., Mamat, N. J. Z., Rambely, A. S., Muda, N., Jaaman, S. H., … Mahmood Rafee, N. (2012). Transformation of Language in Teaching and Learning Policy. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 59, 685–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.331
Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2017). Laporan Peperiksaan MUET 2017. Retrieved from http://portal.mpm.edu.my/laporan-peperiksaan-stpm-dan-muet-tahun-2017
Mangaleswaran, S., & Aziz, A. A. (2019). The Impact of the Implementation of CLT On Students’ Speaking Skills. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 9(4), p8814. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.04.2019.p8814
Ministry Of Education. (2002). Pengendalian Ujian Lisan Berasaskan Sekolah.
Ministry Of Education. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025. In Ministry of Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007
Ministry Of Education. (2015). English Language Education Reform in Malaysia: The Roadmap 2015-2025.
Ministry Of Education. (2017). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Inggeris - Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (Tingkatan 1) (1st ed.). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Ministry Of Education. (2018). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran Bahasa Inggeris - Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (Tingkatan 4) (1st ed.). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
Misbah, N. H., Mohamad, M., Yunus, M.M., & Ya’acob, A. (2017). Identifying the Factors Contributing to Students ’ Difficulties in the English Language Learning. Creative Education, (8), 1999–2008. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.813136
Mohamad Uri, N. F., & Abd Aziz, M. S. (2018). Implementation of CEFR in Malaysia : Teachers ’ awareness and the Challenges. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies –, 24(3), 168–183. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2403-13
Moon, W., & Park, O. (2019). Factors affecting English Language Learning Motivation of Korean Freshmen and their General Characteristics. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2S6), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1005.0782s619
Neill, M. O., & Chapman, A. (2015). Globalisation, Internationalisation and English Language: Studies of Education in Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. Education Research and Perspective: An International Journal, 42, 1–24.
Nguyen, H. T., & Tran, N. M. (2015). Factors Affecting Students’ Speaking Performance at Le Thanh Hien High School. Asian Journal of Educaitonal Research, 3(2), 8–23.
Nunan, D. (1991). Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers (1st ed.). Prentice Hall.
Nunan, D., & Bailey, K. (2003). Practical English Language Teaching. In D. Nunan (Ed.), McGraw-Hill (Internatio). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Rahman, M. S. (2016). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language “Testing and Assessment” Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Ramamuruthy, V. (2019). The Effects of Task-based Approach on Speaking Anxiety among ESL Low Proficiency Diploma Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(6), 1363–1375. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.070604
Rao, S. S. (2009). Globalisation, Affirmative Action and Higher Education Reforms in Malaysia: A Tightrope Walk between Equality and Excellence. The Asian Scholar, 5, 1–26.
Rashid, R. A. B., Rahman, S. B. A., & Yunus, K. (2017). Reforms in the policy of English language teaching in Malaysia. Policy Futures in Education, 15(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210316679069
Roever, C., & McNamara, T. (2006). Language Testing: The Social Dimension. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=XrOE14OdUwEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Thirusanku, J., & Yunus, M. M. (2017). Status of English in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p254
Toyama, M., & Mori, K. (2017). Reducing Student Anxiety : The Effects of Collaborative Learning through Computer Conferencing. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(12), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2017.7.12.993
University of Cambridge. (2011). Using the CEFR: Principal of Good Practice. Retrieved from http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/126011-using-cefr-principles-of-good-practice.pdf
Wan, C. Da, Sirat, M., & Razak, D. A. (2018). Education in Malaysia Towards a Developed Nation. In Economics Working Paper (No. 2018–4).
Wong, C. W. (2019, December 15). Teaching with a purpose. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/on-the-beat/2019/12/15/teaching-with-a-purpose?fbclid=IwAR2qkBs7lvf0TYd0vzmZ4tTrkUm7PScGfKnccqFaOwZW-DO1i2bRPFLTvZqE
Yaakob, M. F. M., Musa, M. R., Habibi, A., & Othman, R. (2019). Strategic Management and Strategic Planning in School: Is It Worth for Teachers? Academy of Strategic Management Journal, (3), 1–6. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333662860%0ASTRATEGIC
Yang, L. F., & Ahmad Ishak, M. S. (2012). Framing controversy over language policy in Malaysia : the coverage of PPSMI reversal ( teaching of mathematics and science in English ) by Malaysian newspapers. Asian Journal of Communication, 22(5), 449–473. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.701312
Zaki, M. H. ., Yunus, M. M., & Hashim, H. (2017). The Use of Audio Visual Aids in Developing Pupil’s Speaking Skills: Malaysian Context. Asian Social Science Journal, 4, 165–172.
