Intersectionality: Implikasi Proses Sosialisasi Politik terhadap Budaya Politik Wanita Cina di Semenanjung Malaysia
Keywords:
wanita Cina, budaya politik, proses sosialisasi politik, Intersectionality
Abstract
Budaya politik wanita Cina di Semenanjung Malaysia bersifat pasif. Fenomena ini dapat dilihat melalui bilangan wanita Cina antaranya di dalam Parlimen dan DUN. Malahan bilangan wanita Cina di peringkat pembuat keputusan dalam parti berorientasikan masyarakat Cina seperti DAP serta MCA masih lagi rendah, walaupun sistem kuota 30 peratus wanita telah dibentuk. Proses sosialisasi politik melalui agen sosialisasi politik merupakan antara indikator penting yang mempengaruhi budaya politik wanita Cina di Semenanjung Malaysia. Agen sosialisasi ini dilihat tidak berdiri sendiri dan saling berkait seperti yang diketengahkan melalui teori intersectionality dan telah memberikan kesan berbeza kepada wanita. Kajian kualitatif ini mengenal pasti agen sosialisasi politik melalui proses sosialisasi politik, yang telah mempengaruhi budaya politik wanita Cina di Semenanjung Malaysia. Temu bual secara intensif telah dijalankan ke atas tujuh orang informan dalam kalangan perwakilan wanita Cina, seorang ahli politik lelaki, aktivis wanita Cina dari Organisasi Bukan Kerajaan (NGO) dan ahli akademik. Hasil temu bual dianalisis di mana proses transkripsi temubual telah dikodkan dan ditemakan. Tema ini kemudiannya telah dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu agen sosialisasi politik lingkaran dalaman dan agen sosialisasi politik lingkaran luaran. Agen sosialisasi lingkaran dalaman terdiri daripada pendidikan, ekonomi, budaya, agama, keluarga serta gender. Agen sosialisasi lingkaran luaran pula terdiri daripada NGO/persatuan, parti politik dan masyarakat. Model Agen Sosialisasi Politik Wanita Cina melalui dimensi intersectionality turut dibangunkan untuk menggambarkan hubung kait agen sosialisasi politik wanita Cina di Semenanjung Malaysia.
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References
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Kikue Hamayotsu. (2013). Towards A More Democratic Regime And Society? The Politics Of Faith And Ethnicity In A Transitional Multi-Ethnic Malaysia. Journal Of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 32(2), 61–88.
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Ku Hasnita. (2007). Pemupukan Semangat Patriotisme Melalui Proses Sosialisasi Politik. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007(12), 131-145.
Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara. Dimuat turun pada 10 September 2020
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Lok Chong Hoe. (1998). Tamadun Cina: Falsafah, Pandangan Dunia, dan Aspek-aspek Kesenian. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Maznah Mohamad, 2008. Malaysia: Democracy and the end of ethnic politics? Australian Journal of International Affairs, 62(4), 441-459.
Mohammad Agus, Athambawa Sarjoon & Shameer Othman. (2016). Parliamentary Democracy And Representation Of Women: A Comparative Analysis Of Sri Lanka and Malaysian Stances. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 5.1 (2016), 111.
Mohd Faidz Mohd Zain, Jamaie Hj. Hamil, Mohd Rizal Mohd Yaakob & Mohamad Rodzi Abd Razak. (2011). Pengaruh Nasionalisme Melayu Mewarnai Budaya Politik Melayu Dalam UMNO (Influences Of Malay Nationalism In Cultural-Politics Of Umno). Jurnal Melayu, (7), 193-216.
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Moreau, J., Pérez, N. & Sanchez, L. M.. (2019). Intersectionality, Linked Fate, And Lgbtq Latinx Political Participation. Political Research Quarterly, 72(4), 976-990.
Nan Xia, Yok Fee Lee & Adlina Hj. Ab. Halim . (2018). The Elites’ Collective Subjectivities Of The History Of Ethnic Politics In Malaysia. Asian Ethnicity, 1–15, 168-182
Noor Sulastry Yurni. (2014). Hegemoni Budaya Politik Melayu. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Nor Azura Md Amin. (2019). Dimuat turun pada 17 September 2020 dari laman web (https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/9956/BERITA/Nasional/Anak-wajib-dapat-pendidikan-rendah-menengah).
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Rashila Ramli. (2008). Pemerkasaan Wanita dalam Politik Malaysia: Pengamatan dan Analisis. Jurnal Kajian Politk dan Masalah Pembangunan (Indonesia), 4 (1), 185-194.
Ridhuan Tee Abdullah. (2008). Persepsi Pelajar Cina Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Terhadap Gerakan Politik Umno. Tesis Dr. Fal. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Ruhana Padzil 2017. Perjuangan Wanita dalam Aktivisme Sosial dan Nasionalisme di Tanah Melayu, 1929-1957. Tesis Dr. Falsafah. Universiti Malaya.
Samadi Ahmad. (2020). Dimuat turun pada 4 Ogos 2020 dari laman web https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/01/643414/dong-zong-serah-memorandum-tolak-belajar-jawi
Samuels, G. M., & Ross Sheriff, F. 2008. Identity, Oppression, and Power: Feminisms and Intersectionality Theory.
Santoso, T. D. (2017). Apa Itu Budaya. Skp Unair.
Sapiro, V. (2004). Not Your Parents, Political Socialization: Introduction For A New Generation. Annual Review Of Political Science, 7(1), 1–23.
Siti Rohana Omar, Norun Najjah Ahmat, Nor Fazilah Abdul Hamid & Zanariah Jano. (2008). Sosialisasi Politik Pasca Pilihan Raya Ke-12. Prosiding Seminar Politik Malaysia.
Suhana & Kartini. (2017). Civil Disobedience Dalam Kalangan Pengundi Cina Di Malaysia (Civil Disobedience Of The Malaysian Chinese Voters). Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 7(5), 55-65.
Sukhani, P. 2020. Women’s Political Representation: Progressing In Malaysia?. Rsis Commentaries 009-20.
Syarifah Syahirah & Ummu Atiyah. (2019). Wanita dan Politik: Analisis Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia ke-14. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Tan, G. C. (2014). Pelacur Imigran Cina Di Pulau Pinang. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Taylor, S.J & Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Thock Ker Pong & Tan Yen Yee. 2018. Urban Tsunami Dalam Pru Ke-13: Analisis Pola Pengundian Masyarakat Cina Malaysia (Urban Tsunami In Ge-13: Analysis On The Voting Patterns Of Malaysian Chinese Voters). Journal Of Chinese Literature and Culture, 6(1), 56-77.
Thornton, A., & Lin, H. S. (1994). Social Change And The Family In Taiwan. London: University Of Chicago Press.
Wei-An Yang. (2014). Female Emancipation in a Colonial Context: The Chinese Community In Singapore 1900-1942 . Tesis Dr. Falsafah. The University of Sheffield.
Yingying, S. U. (2016). The Sprout and Development of Chinese Classical Culture in Malaya During The 20th Century: Fields and Influences. Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 4(1): 85-97.
Zaireeni Azmi. (2019). Pilihan Raya Umum ke-14: Keberadaan Muslimat PAS dalam Politik. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Amir. (2017). Mca Press And Political Agenda. Malaysian Journal Of Media Studies, 7 (1), 101-110.
Amy Chua. (2004). World on Fire: Globalization and Ethnic Hatred. UK: Arrow Book.
Azizan Zainuddin. (2015). Dasar Wanita Negara dalam Mengarusperdanakan Gender: Kajian Sektor Politik dan Pekerjaan. Tesis Dr. Fal. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Babbie, E. (2010). The Practice Of Social Research. Edisi Ke-12. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Bastia, T. (2014). Intersectionality, Migration And Development. Progress In Development Studies, 14(3), 237-248.
Bilge, S. & Collins, P. H. 2016. Intersectionality. Cambridge UK: Polity.
Brown, N. E. 2014. Political Participation Of Women Of Color: An Intersectional Analysis. Journal Of Women, Politics & Policy, 35(4), 315–348.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing The Intersection Of Race And Sex: A Black Feminist Critique Of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University Of Chicago Legal Forum: 139-167.
Crenshaw, K. (1990). Mapping The Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women Of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping The Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women Of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–99.
dari laman web http://www.jkkn.gov.my/ms/masyarakat-cina-0
Dwijayanto, Arik, Yusmicha Ulya Afif, & Khoirul Fathoni. 2020. Managing Democracy in Malaysia (Identity, Minorities, and Representation). ARISTO, 8.1(2020), 185-204.
Fahmy Azril Rosli. (2018). Dimuat turun pada 3 Ogos 2019 dari laman web (https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2018/11/494369/wanita-pertama-jadi-ketua-pemuda-mca
Fathi, M. (2017). Intersectionality, Class And Migration: Narratives Of Iranian Women Migrants In The Uk. London: Royal Holloway University.
Fatimi. 2019. Penyertaan Wanita Melayu Dalam Mendepani Cabaran Pilihan Raya. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Finlay, R., & Hopkins, P. (2019). Young Muslim Women’s Political Participation In Scotland: Exploring The Intersections Of Gender, Religion, Class And Place. Political Geography 74.
Freidenvall, L. (2016). Intersectionality And Candidate Selection In Sweden. Politics, 36(4), 355-363.
Great, J. Jali. Mfm, Fauzi & Ghazali. 2012. Revision Of The Revenue Act Of 2003 and The Rise To The Public Opposition (GE) 2008 in DUN. The Reboundary Of Electoral Area Constituency 2008 Of Kajang and Bangi, 7 (1), 200.
Hankivsky, O. (2012). Women’s Health, Men’s Health, And Gender And Health: Implications Of Intersectionality. Social Science & Medicine, 74(11), 1712-1720.
Ilyas Abdullah. (2020). Mengkaji Mengenai Transformasi Budaya Politik Melayu Terengganu. Tesis Dr, Fal. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Ishak Saat. (2014). Tun Abdul Razak Hussein: Survival Politik Melayu 1963–1976. Perspektif: Jurnal Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan, 6(3), 122-137.
Itulua, A. (2014). Sociological Concepts Of Culture and Identity.
ITV News. (2019). Dimuat turun pada 16 Ogos 2020 dari laman web https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuuIoJGPjBA
James Chin & Taufiq Tanasaldy. (2019). The Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia. The Challenge of Political Islam. Asian Survey, 59(6), 959-977.
James Chin. (2001). Malaysian Chinese Politics in The 21st Century: Fear, Service and Marginalisation. Asian Journal of Political Science 9(2): 78–94.
Jang, S. (2018). The Implications Of Intersectionality On Southeast Asian Female Students’ Educational Outcomes In The United States: A Critical Quantitative Intersectionality Analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 55(6), 1268-1306.
Johari Yap. (2019). Dimuat turun pada 16 Ogos 2020 dari laman web (https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/51854/KOLUMNIS/Yin-dan-yang-dalam-Islam 16 Ogos 2020).
Joshi, D. (2011). Gender And Political Participation: Intersectional Consciousness In The Central Himalayas. The Indian Journal Of Political Science, 72(2), 445-452.
Junaidi Awang Besar & Mohd Fuad Mat Jali. (2015). Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, 18(1), 11-22.
Junaidi Awang Besar. (2017). Tingkah Laku Pengundi dan Pilihan Politik di Kawasan Parlimen Pasir Mas, Kelantan (Behavior Of Voters And Political Choice In The Parliamentary Area Of Pasir Mas, Kelantan). Geografia Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 13 (3), 97-111.
Kartini Khalid. 2014. Women And Politics: Social Construction and a Policy of Deconstruction. Journal Of Social Sciences, 10(3), 104.
Kartini. (2019). Merentasi Naratif Partisipasi. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Kikue Hamayotsu. (2013). Towards A More Democratic Regime And Society? The Politics Of Faith And Ethnicity In A Transitional Multi-Ethnic Malaysia. Journal Of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 32(2), 61–88.
Ku Hasnita, Zatul Himmah, Mahadee & Jayum. (2018). SKP2102 Kenegaraan Malaysia. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Ku Hasnita. (2007). Pemupukan Semangat Patriotisme Melalui Proses Sosialisasi Politik. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007(12), 131-145.
Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara. Dimuat turun pada 10 September 2020
Lee Yok Fee. (2010). Changes In Chinese’s Political Involvement In Malaysia. Pertanika Journal Of Social Sciences and Humanities 18(1), 11-21.
Lok Chong Hoe. (1998). Tamadun Cina: Falsafah, Pandangan Dunia, dan Aspek-aspek Kesenian. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Maznah Mohamad, 2008. Malaysia: Democracy and the end of ethnic politics? Australian Journal of International Affairs, 62(4), 441-459.
Mohammad Agus, Athambawa Sarjoon & Shameer Othman. (2016). Parliamentary Democracy And Representation Of Women: A Comparative Analysis Of Sri Lanka and Malaysian Stances. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 5.1 (2016), 111.
Mohd Faidz Mohd Zain, Jamaie Hj. Hamil, Mohd Rizal Mohd Yaakob & Mohamad Rodzi Abd Razak. (2011). Pengaruh Nasionalisme Melayu Mewarnai Budaya Politik Melayu Dalam UMNO (Influences Of Malay Nationalism In Cultural-Politics Of Umno). Jurnal Melayu, (7), 193-216.
Mohd Mahadee Ismail. (2018). Budaya Politik Kontemporari Masyarakat Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia: Satu Penilaian Kritis. Jurnal Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah, Special Issue (2018), 470-482.
Moreau, J., Pérez, N. & Sanchez, L. M.. (2019). Intersectionality, Linked Fate, And Lgbtq Latinx Political Participation. Political Research Quarterly, 72(4), 976-990.
Nan Xia, Yok Fee Lee & Adlina Hj. Ab. Halim . (2018). The Elites’ Collective Subjectivities Of The History Of Ethnic Politics In Malaysia. Asian Ethnicity, 1–15, 168-182
Noor Sulastry Yurni. (2014). Hegemoni Budaya Politik Melayu. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Nor Azura Md Amin. (2019). Dimuat turun pada 17 September 2020 dari laman web (https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/9956/BERITA/Nasional/Anak-wajib-dapat-pendidikan-rendah-menengah).
Nor Rafidah Saidon, Sity Daud & Mohd Samsudin. 2017. Penglibatan Politik: Pemerkasaan Kepimpinan Wanita Di Malaysia (1980-2013). Jurnal e-Bangi, 12(1), 137-150.
Noraini M. Noor. (2009). The Future Of Malay Chinese Relations Malaysia. Peace Psychology In Asia Springer: 161-172.
Nur Syakiran & Zawiyah Mohd Zain. (2019).Wanita dan Politik: Analisis Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia ke-14. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Oh Ei Sun. (2014). Malaysian Chinese in a transitioning Malaysia. The 13th Malaysia Elections: Issues, Trends and Future Trajectories. Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.
Parlimen Malaysia. (2020). Dimuat turun pada 1 September 2020 dari laman web https://www.parlimen.gov.my/
Raga Maran. (2001). Pengantar Sosiologi Politik. Jakarta: Pt.Rineka Cipta.
Rashila Ramli. (1998). Pembangunan politik dan gender: cabaran dan strategi bagi calon-calon wanita. Dlm. Rokiah Talib & Thambiah, S. (pnyt.). Gender, Budaya dan Masyarakat. hlm. 152-162. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Rashila Ramli. (1999). Gender Dan Politik: Satu Penelitian Teoretis Dan Empris. Dlm. Ghazali Mayudin (Pnyt.). Teori Sains Politik Pilihan: Aplikasinya Dalam Konteks Malaysia. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Rashila Ramli. (2008). Pemerkasaan Wanita dalam Politik Malaysia: Pengamatan dan Analisis. Jurnal Kajian Politk dan Masalah Pembangunan (Indonesia), 4 (1), 185-194.
Ridhuan Tee Abdullah. (2008). Persepsi Pelajar Cina Di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Terhadap Gerakan Politik Umno. Tesis Dr. Fal. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Ruhana Padzil 2017. Perjuangan Wanita dalam Aktivisme Sosial dan Nasionalisme di Tanah Melayu, 1929-1957. Tesis Dr. Falsafah. Universiti Malaya.
Samadi Ahmad. (2020). Dimuat turun pada 4 Ogos 2020 dari laman web https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/01/643414/dong-zong-serah-memorandum-tolak-belajar-jawi
Samuels, G. M., & Ross Sheriff, F. 2008. Identity, Oppression, and Power: Feminisms and Intersectionality Theory.
Santoso, T. D. (2017). Apa Itu Budaya. Skp Unair.
Sapiro, V. (2004). Not Your Parents, Political Socialization: Introduction For A New Generation. Annual Review Of Political Science, 7(1), 1–23.
Siti Rohana Omar, Norun Najjah Ahmat, Nor Fazilah Abdul Hamid & Zanariah Jano. (2008). Sosialisasi Politik Pasca Pilihan Raya Ke-12. Prosiding Seminar Politik Malaysia.
Suhana & Kartini. (2017). Civil Disobedience Dalam Kalangan Pengundi Cina Di Malaysia (Civil Disobedience Of The Malaysian Chinese Voters). Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 7(5), 55-65.
Sukhani, P. 2020. Women’s Political Representation: Progressing In Malaysia?. Rsis Commentaries 009-20.
Syarifah Syahirah & Ummu Atiyah. (2019). Wanita dan Politik: Analisis Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia ke-14. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Tan, G. C. (2014). Pelacur Imigran Cina Di Pulau Pinang. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Taylor, S.J & Bogdan, R. (1998). Introduction to qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Thock Ker Pong & Tan Yen Yee. 2018. Urban Tsunami Dalam Pru Ke-13: Analisis Pola Pengundian Masyarakat Cina Malaysia (Urban Tsunami In Ge-13: Analysis On The Voting Patterns Of Malaysian Chinese Voters). Journal Of Chinese Literature and Culture, 6(1), 56-77.
Thornton, A., & Lin, H. S. (1994). Social Change And The Family In Taiwan. London: University Of Chicago Press.
Wei-An Yang. (2014). Female Emancipation in a Colonial Context: The Chinese Community In Singapore 1900-1942 . Tesis Dr. Falsafah. The University of Sheffield.
Yingying, S. U. (2016). The Sprout and Development of Chinese Classical Culture in Malaya During The 20th Century: Fields and Influences. Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 4(1): 85-97.
Zaireeni Azmi. (2019). Pilihan Raya Umum ke-14: Keberadaan Muslimat PAS dalam Politik. Dlm. Kartini & Zaireeni (pnyt). Penglibatan Wanita Dalam Pilihan Raya, hlm. 99-116. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
