Kedaulatan Raja-Raja Melayu Melangkaui Peruntukan Perlembagaan Persekutuan: Implikasinya ke atas Sistem Raja Berperlembagaan di Malaysia
Keywords:
Raja-Raja Melayu, Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Raja Berperlembagaan, Melangkaui Peruntukan
Abstract
Malaysia mengamalkan sistem Raja Berperlembagaan iaitu Raja harus bertindak mengikut peruntukan perlembagaan yang telah ditetapkan sekaligus menutup ruang kepada kebebasan memerintah (kuasa mutlak) dalam sistem pentadbiran negara. Disebabkan ada beberapa keadaan dalam Perlembagaan Malaysia yang tidak menyebut secara jelas tentang kedaulatan dan kuasa Raja-Raja Melayu, maka Raja-Raja Melayu adakalanya menggunakan budi bicara melangkaui peruntukan dalam perlembagaan. Tindakan ini serigkali dicabar keabsahahnya. Objektif penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengkaji sejauh manakah kedaulatan dan kuasa Raja-Raja Melayu boleh melangkaui peruntukan di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan serta implikasinya terhadap masyarakat, kerajaan dan negara. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif beserta kajian lapangan. Data yang berasaskan sumber primer, sekunder, pemerhatian dan temu bual telah dianalisa untuk mendapatkan hasil bagi kajian ini. Hasil dapatan penyelidikan ini dapat menerangkan kepada masyarakat dan kerajaan betapa pentingnya kedaulatan Raja-Raja Melayu di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan, sekaligus menekankan beberapa situasi yang Raja-Raja Melayu boleh menggunakan budi bicara untuk membuat sesuatu keputusan walaupun tidak termaktub di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan, demi kemaslahatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan negara.
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References
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Addruse, R. A. (1998, April 11). Police cannot assume the roles of judges. The New Straits Times. Retrieve from https://www.nst.com.my/
Annuar, A. (2019, March 14). Putrajaya not declaring emergency over Pasir Gudang toxic fumes. The Malay Mail.
Arnold, K. (2005). Domestic War: Locke's Concept of Prerogative and Implications for U.S. 'Wars' Today. Polity, 1-28.
Bari, A.A. (2003). The Malaysian Constitution-A Critical Introduction. Kuala Lumpur: Other Press.
Bari, A.A. (2008). The Monarchy: Symbolism, Guardianship and Stability. Dalam Syed Arabi Idid (Ed.), Malaysia at 50 Achievement & Aspiration, Kuala Lumpur: Thomson Learning.
Bossuet, J. B. (1707). Bossuet: Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture. In Riley, P. (1990). Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bulmer, E. (2017). Constitutional Monarchs in Parliamentary Democracies. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA). https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-monarchs-in-parliamentary-democracies-primer.pdf.
Curzon, L. B. (2007). Dictionary of Law (Edisi ke-6). Kuala Lumpur: International Law Book Services.
Devi, V. (2019, July 17). Sg Kim Kim victims file RM30mil suit against Federal, state governments and 10 others. The Star.
Faruqi, S. S. (2020, March 26). Appointment of A Prime Minister – No. 3 of a Series of Essays by The Tun Hussein Onn Chair in International Studies. ISIS, Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.isis.org.my/2020/03/26/appointment-of-a-prime-minister-no-3-of-a-series-of-essays-by-the-tun-hussein-onn-chair-in-international-studies/
Greenberg, D. (2012). Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases.
Halsbury Laws of Malaysia-Constitutional Law vol 3(3)
Hanis Zainal, (April 24,2017), The Role of the Yang Di Pertuan Agung, The Star https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/04/24/the-role-of-the-yang-dipertuan-agong/
Harding, A. (1996). Law, Government, and the Constitution in Malaysia. The Hague : London: Kluwer Law International.
Immanuel, W. (2004). World-Systems Analysis: An introduction. Durham: Duke University Press.
Jenkins, D. (2011). The Lockean Constitution: Separation of Powers and the Limits of Prerogative, 56 (3). McGill 543. https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1005132ar.
Joseph M. Fernando. (2014). Defending the monarchy: The Malay rulers and the making of the Malayan constitution, 1956-1957, VARIA (88), 149-157
Leong, T. (2020, March 4). Johor, Melaka assemblies change sides. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johor-melaka-assemblies-change-sides
Lloyd, S. (1992). Hobbes's absolutism. In Ideals as Interests in Hobbes's Leviathan: The Power of Mind over Matter, 289-321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Locke, J. (1988). Two Treatises of Government, § 136. In Laslett, P. (1988). Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, 265–428. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Selangor (MAIS) (2019). Kepentingan Mendaulatkan Institusi Beraja Di Malaysia dihttp://www.mais.gov.my/info mais/informasi/penerbitan/daulattuanku pada 25 Februari 2019
Mangsor, M. M., Aziz, N. A., Rahmat, N. E. & Zainudin, A. H. (2021). Modelling Lockean Legalism in the Executive Emergency Power on Environment and Climate Change Domain in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11 (5), 774-784.
Mohamad Mangsor, M., Abdul Aziz, N., Rahmat, N. E. & Zainudin, A. H. (2020, June 27-28). The Role of Malaysian Monarch in Dominating the Decision of Dewan Rakyat to Appoint the Head of Government in Malaysia [Paper Presentation]. International Conference on Social Science and Technology for Postgraduates and Researchers (ICSSTPR2020), Perak, Malaysia.
Montesquieu, C.L.S. (1748). Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws. In Cohler, A. M., Miller, B.C. and Stone, H.S. (1989). Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Muslim, N., Wan Hassan, W. Z. & Umar, A. (2013). The Role of the Malay Royal Institutions According to the Constitution in Safeguarding Malay Position from the Higher Education Perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science vol.3(13) : 267-274
Pasquino, P. (1998). Locke on King’s Prerogative, Pol. Theory, 26, 198–208.
Raja Azlan Shah. (1982). The Role of Constitutional Rulers: A Malaysia Perspective for the Laity”, 1 Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law, an article published in HP Lee(2017). Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia 2nd Edn.( UK: Oxford University Press: 2017).
Raja Melayu Uitm Bersama Tan Sri Syed Danial Syed Ahmad, 2019 di Pejabat Penyimpan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja Pada 25 Julai 2019.
Saleem Faruqi, S. (2019). Our Constitution.Kuala Lumpur: Sweet & Maxwell.
Sharon, A. (2019). Locke, liberty, and law: Legalism and extra-legal powers in the Second Treatise. European Journal of Political Theory.
The New Straits Times. (2018, May 10). Pakatan Harapan wins 14th General Election. The New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/367907/ pakatan-harapan-wins-14th-general-election.
The Star, (2021, January 9). Barisan MP withdraws support for Muhyiddin, bringing Perikatan majority down to 110. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/ nation/2021/01/09/barisan-mp-withdraws-support-for-muhyiddin-bringing-perikatan-majority-down-to-110.
The Star. (2018). GE14: Results Overview. The Star. https://election.thestar.com.my/
The Star. (2020, February 26). King to meet all MPs before making decision. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/02/26/king-to-meet-all-mps-before-making-decision.
The Star. (2021, January 13). Declaration of Emergency should not put democracy, rule of law in peril, says Malaysian Bar. The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/ news/nation/2021/01/13/declaration-of-emergency-should-not-put-democracy-rule-of-law-in-peril-says-malaysian-bar
Tushnet, M. (2005). Emergencies and the Idea of Constitutionalism, 50. In Tushnet, M. (2005). The Constitution in Wartime. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Wan Husain, W. A. F. (2017). Konsep Kedaulatan Watan Raja-Raja Melayu Dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia Menurut Sejarah Perundangan. (Tesis Ijazah Doktor Falsafah Undang-Undang. Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia).
Wan Husain, W. A. F. (2018). Konsep Kedaulatan Raja-Raja Melayu Menurut Kerangka Peribumi. Selangor: Majlis Ittihad Ummah Malaysia.
Zainal, H. (2017, April 24), The Role of the Yang Di Pertuan Agung. The Star. Retrieve from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/04/24/the-role-of-the-yang-dipertuan-agong/
