Model of Homeless Former Prisoner’s Life Experiences and Basic Needs: A Theoretical Paper
Abstract
Studies on former prisoners who end up homeless are relatively new in Malaysia, although the phenomenon itself has been around since the advent of prison institutions. Most former prisoners live in the city and rely mostly on individual or community sympathy to survive. Former prisoners are the most marginalised group in the stratification of marginalised communities in Malaysia. This theoretical paper was written solely using data gathered via library research methods, conducted by examining the documents and web pages to support the discussion throughout this study. The issue of homeless former prisoners is not widely discussed. As a result, no specific research has focused on the problem of homelessness among former prisoners. It is hoped that this theoretical paper will serve as a guide to improve some existing policies to provide more appropriate social interventions to help this group. This model can be a guideline in drafting a better policy in making sure the welfare of this marginalised community. Like all citizens, former prisoners who are homeless also deserve to have their basic rights acknowledged and protected. It is the researcher's hope that through this paper, the 'justice and welfare' of this group is upheld.
Downloads
References
Abracen, J., Langton, C., Looman, J., Gallo, A., Ferguson, M., Axford, M. & Dickey, R. (2013). Mental health diagnoses and recidivism in paroled offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(7), 765-779.
Adib, N.A.M., Hussin, Z. & Ahmad, Y. (2016). Homeless women in Malaysia: Their choice or victims of situations. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 5(3), 8-15.
Alowaimer, O. (2018) Causes, effects and issues of homeless people. Journal of Socialomics, 7(3), 1-4.
Belenko, S. (2006). Assessing released inmates for substance-abuse-related service needs. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 94-113.
Berger, T.A., & DaGrossa, J.A. (2013). Overcoming Legal Barriers to Reentry: A Law School-Based Approach to Providing Legal Services to the Reentry Community. Federal Probation, 77(1), 3-8.
Bird, M., Rhoades, H., Lahey, J., Cederbaum, J., & Wenzel, S. (2017). Life goals and gender differences among chronically homeless individuals entering permanent supportive housing. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 26(1), 9–15.
Brallier, S., Southworth, S. & Ryan, B. (2019). Rolling forward: addressing needs in the homeless community. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(2), 186–192.
Brown, A. S. (2016). Ex-convicts in a dilemma of reintegration: A study of Uyo, South-South Nigeria. International Journal of Social Sciences, 10(4), 81-91.
Brunton-Smith, I. & McCarthy, D. (2017). The effects of prisoner attachment to family on re-entry outcomes: a longitudinal assessment. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 463–482.
Chandola, T. & Conibere, R. 2015. Social exclusion, social deprivation and health. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 22, 285-290 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.14087-5
Cochran, J.C. (2014). Breaches in the wall: Imprisonment, social support, and recidivism. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51, 200-229.
Davis, C., Bahr, S.J. & Ward, C. (2012). The process of offender reintegration: Perceptions of what helps prisoners reenter society. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 13(4), 446-469.
Dawson, A., Jackson, D. & Cleary, M. 2013. Mothering on the margins: homeless women with an SUD and complex mental health co-morbidities. Issues Ment. Health Nurs., 34(4), 288–93.
Eberle, M., Kraus, D., Serge, L., & Hulchanski, D. (2001). Homelessness - Causes & Effects: The Relationship between Homelessness and the Health. Social Services and Criminal Justice Systems: A Review of the Literature. British Colombia. Ministry of Social Development and Economic Security.
Edidin, J. P., Ganim, Z., Hunter, S. J., & Karnik, N. S. (2012). The mental and physical health of homeless youth: A literature review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43(3), 354–375.
Emmerij, L. (2010). The Basic Needs Development Strategy. Background paper, World Economic and Social Survey, 2010. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_bg_papers/bp_wess2010_emmerij.pdf. Accessed on 30 January 2020.
Eyrich-Garg, K. M. (2010). Mobile phone technology: A new paradigm for the prevention, treatment, and research of the non-sheltered “Street” Homeless?’ Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 87(3), 365–380.
Fazel, S., Geddes, J.R. & Kushel, M. (2014). The health of homeless people in high-income countries: Descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations. Lancet, 384(9953), 1529–1540.
Fowler, P.J., Hovmand, P.S., Marcal, K.E. & Das, S. (2019). Solving homelessness from a complex systems perspective: Insights for prevention responses. Annual Review Public Health, 40, 17.1–17.22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553
Gaetz, S., Dej, E., Richter, T. & Redman, M. (2016). The state of homelessness in Canada 2016. Can. Observ. Homelessness (COH) Res. Pap. 12, Toronto
Geller, A & Curtis, M. (2011). A Sort of Homecoming: Incarceration and the Housing Security of Urban Men. Social Science Research, 40(4), 1196–1213.
Gillis, L., Dickerson, G., & Hanson, J. (2010). Recovery and homeless services: New directions for the field. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3, 71–79.
Hammett, T. M., Rhodes, W & Harmon, P. (2000). “Breaking the silence” on prisons and jails as epicenters of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases in the United States. Poster abstract TuPeD3554, presented at the XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa.
Harding, D.J., Wyse, J.J.B., Dobson, C. & Morenoff, J.D. (2014). Making ends meet after prison. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(2), 440-470.
Henwood, B.F., Wenzel, S.L., Mangano, P.F., Hombs, M., Padgett, D.K., Byrne, T., Rice, E., Butts, S.C. & Uretsky, M.C. (2015). The Grand Challenge of Ending Homelessness. American Academy of Social Work & Social Welfare, 9.
Herbert, C.W., Morenoff, J.D., & Harding, D.J. (2015). Homelessness and housing insecurity among former prisoners. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences: RSF, 1(2), 44–79.
Hochstetler, A., DeLisi, M., & Pratt, T. C. (2010). Social support and feelings of hostility among released inmates. Crime & Delinquency, 56, 588–607.
Hodgetts, D., Stolte, O., Chamberlain, K., Radley, A., Nikora, L., Nabalarua, E. & Groot, S. (2008). A trip to the library: Homelessness and social inclusion. Social & Cultural Geography, 9(8), 933-953.
Iwamoto, D. K., Gordon, D. & Oliveros, A. (2012). The role of masculine norms,informal support on depression and anxiety among incarcerated men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(3), 283-293. doi:10.1037/a0025522
Johnstone, M., Jetten, J., Dingle, G. A., Parsell, C., & Walter, C. (2015). Discrimination and well-being amongst the homeless: The role of multiple group membership. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 739.
Krajewska-Kułak, E., Wejda, U., Kułak-Bejda, A., Łukaszuk, C., Repka, B., Guzowski, A., Cybulski, M., Stelcer, B. & Jasiński, M. (2016). Differing attitudes for various population groups towards homeless people. Progress in Health Sciences, 6(1), 57-62
La Vigne, N., Davies, E., Palmer, T & Halberstadt, R. (2008). Release planning for successful reentry: A guide for corrections, service providers, and community groups. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center.
Loeffler, C. (2013). Does imprisonment alter the life course? Evidence on crime and employment from a natural experiment. Criminology, 51(1), 137-166.
Luther, J.B., Reichert, E.S., Holloway, E.D., Roth, A.M. & Aalsma, M.C. (2011). An Exploration of Community Reentry Needs and Services for Prisoners: A Focus on Care to Limit Return to High-Risk Behaviour. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25(8), 475-481.
Lutze, F.E., Rosky, J.W. & Hamilton, Z.K. (2013). Homelessness and reentry: A multisite outcome evaluation of Washington State’s Reentry Housing Program for high risk offenders. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 41(4), 471–91.
Mabhala, M.A., Yohannes, A. & Griffith, M. (2017). Social conditions of becoming homelessness: qualitative analysis of life stories of homeless people. International Journal for Equity in Health, 1-16.
Martinez, D.J. & Abrams, L.S. (2013). Informal social support among returning young offenders: A metasynthesis of the literature. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(2), 169–190.
Maruna, S. (2011) Reentry as a rite of passage. Punishment & Society, 13(1), 3–28.
Mattingly, S. P., Fields, N., Cronley, C., Miller, V. J., Murphy, E., Crawford, M. & Nargesi, R. (2018). Transportation mobility among low-income, transportation disadvantaged older adults living in a low density urban environment using innovative data collection methods. Western Michigan University. Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities.
McCollum, E & Trepper, S. (2001). Family solutions for substance abuse. New York: Haworth Press.
McInnes, D. K., Sawh, L., Petrakis, B. A., Rao, S. R., Shimada, S. L., Eyrich-Garg, K. M., Gifford, A.L., Anaya, H.D. & Smelson, D.A. (2014). The potential for health-related uses of mobile phones and internet with homeless veterans: Results from a multisite survey. Telemedicine and e-Health, 20(9), 801–809.
Mears, D & Mestre, J. (2012). Prisoner reentry, employment, signaling, and the better identification of desisters: Introduction to the special issue. Criminology and Public Policy, 11(1), 5-15.
Morenoff. J & Harding D. (2011) Final technical report: Neighbourhoods, recidivism, and employment among returning prisoners. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.
Murphy, E. (2016). What do we know about homelessness in NI? An overview of some of the evidence-base. Research and Information Service Briefing Paper, Northern Ireland Assembly.
Nally, J.M., Lockwood, S., Ho. T. & Knutson, K. (2014). Post-Release Recidivism and Employment among Different Types of Released Offenders: A 5-Year follow-up Study in the United States. Journal of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology, 9(1), 16–34.
Nino, M. D., Loya, M. A., & Cuevas, M. C. (2009). Who are the chronically homeless? Social characteristics and risk factors associated with chronic homelessness. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 19(1-2), 41–65.
Nooe, R.M. & Patterson, D.A. 2010. The ecology of homelessness. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(2), 105-152, DOI:10.1080/10911350903269757
Olesen A. (2018) Ex-prisoners’ Need for Legal Aid in Denmark. In: Halvorsen Rønning O., Hammerslev O. (eds) Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Olsen, C. & Holben, D. (2002). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Domestic food and nutrition security. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 1840–1847.
Paat, Y., Morales, J., Tullius, R., Moya, E.M. & Alcantara, R. (2019). A life course approach to understanding homelessness of shelter residents. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 1-10.
Pavao, J., Alvarez, J., Baumrind, N., Induni, M. & Kimerling, R. (2007). Intimate partner violence and housing instability. Am. J. Prev. Med., 32(2),143–46
Prison Fellowship (2017). Needs of Ex Prisoner. Prison Fellowship. Avaliable at https://www.prisonfellowship.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Needs-of-Ex-Prisoners-2017.pdf Accessed on 21 Januari 2020
Rafiey, H., Alipour, F., Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. & Mardani, M. (2019) The lived experiences of becoming a homeless person with addiction in Tehran: how they are withdrawn from the mainstream community?. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(1), 65-71.
Ramli, M.W. & Dawood, S.R.S (2017). Memahami permasalahan golongan terpinggir di bandar: Kajian kes gelandangan di George Town, Pulau Pinang. Geografi, 5(2), 78-94.
Ramirez, L. (2016). It starts with housing public housing agencies are making second chances real. https://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=HUD_It_Starts_with_Housing.pdf [14 January 2023].
Rice, E., Lee, A., & Taitt, S. (2011). Cell phone use among homeless youth: Potential for new health interventions and research. Journal of Urban Health, 88(6), 1175– 1182.
Rice, E., Kurzban, S., & Ray, D. (2012). Homeless but connected: The role of heterogeneous social network ties and social networking technology in the mental health outcomes of street-living adolescents. Community Mental Health Journal, 48(6), 692–698.
Sala, A. & Mignone, J. (2014) The benefits of information communication technology use by the homeless: a narrative synthesis review. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 23(1), 51-67.
Salomonsen-Sautel S, Van Leeuwen JM, Gilroy C, Boyle S, Malberg D. & Hopfer C. (2008) Correlates of substance use among homeless youths in eight cities. American Journal of Addict, 17, 224-234.
Sanei, M & Mir-Khalili S. (2015). Factors affecting recidivism and return to prison male prisoners in the prisons of the West of Guilan and strategies for prevention. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(2), 156-161.
Scott, C., Grella, C., Dennis, M. & Funk, R. (2014). Predictors of recidivism over 3 years among substance-using women released from jail. Criminal Justice and Behavior 41(11), 1257-1289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814546894
Shinkfield, A.J. & Graffam, J. 2009. Community reintegration of ex-prisoners type and degree of change in variables influencing successful reintegration. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07309757
Sota, M. & Agolli, I. (2015). Risk and protective factors to prevent recidivism of minors in criminality, a preventive approach in criminal justice. European Scientific Journal, 11(20), 1857 – 7881.
Stephens, O.A. & Nel, N.M. 2014. Recidivism and emotional intelligence of male recidivists in Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Psychology, 5(2), 115-124.
Tenibiaje, D.J. (2013). Educational attainment and peer group influence as predictors of recidivism. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 30-37.
Tica, G. & Roth, M. (2012). Are former male inmates excluded from social life? European Journal of Probation, 4(2), 62–76.
Travis, J. (2004). Reentry and reintegration: New perspectives on the challenges of mass incarceration. In M. Patillo, D. F. Weiman, & B. Western (Eds.), Imprisoning America: The social effects of mass incarceration (pp. 247-268). New York, NY: Russell Sage
Turnbull, J., Muckle, W., & Masters, C. (2007). Homelessness and health. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 177(9), 1065–1066.
Vandentorren, S. & Chauvin, P. (2018). Health and health care for homeless people in various contexts. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health 15, 1–2.
Visher, C., & Mallik-Kane, K. 2007. Reentry experiences of men with health problems. In Greifinger, R. (Ed.). Public Health Behind Bars: From Prisons to Communities, pp. 434-460. New York: Springer.
Warner-Robbins, C. & Parsons, M.L. (2010). Developing peer leaders and reducing recidivism through long-term participation in a faith-based program: The story of Welcome Home Ministries. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 28, 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2010.488534
Weissert, E.P. (2016). Get Out Of Jail Free? Preventing Employment Discrimination Against People with Criminal Records Using Ban The Box Laws. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 164(6), 1529-1555.
Wenzel, S.L., Rhoades, H., LaMotte-Kerr, W. & Duan, L. (2019). Everyday discrimination among formerly homeless persons in permanent supportive housing. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 28(2), 169–175.
Winetrobe, H., Wenzel, S., Rhoades, H., Henwood, B., Rice, E., & Harris, T. (2017). Differences in health and social support between homeless men and women entering permanent supportive housing. Women’s Health Issues, 27(3), 286–293.
Yani, N.M.H., Zahari, N.Z., Samah, N.F., Azahar, M.A., Yasin, S.M., Saman, M.S. & Noor, N.A. (2016). Factors Associated with Homelessness and its Medical Issues among Urban Malaysians: A Qualitative Research. Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 1(1), 46-58.
