Hubungan antara Keterlibatan dalam Permainan PUBG Mobile dengan Tingkah Laku Impulsif dalam kalangan Remaja
Abstract
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti fenomena keterlibatan remaja dalam permainan PUBG Mobile dengan mengenal pasti kekerapan dan masa bermain, pengalaman dan pencapaian dalam permainan. Hubungan antara keterlibatan dalam permainan dengan tingkah laku impulsif turut diteliti dalam kalangan remaja di Malaysia. Kajian juga mengenal pasti kesan penyederhanaan moderator seperti umur, kekerapan bermain, masa bermain, pengalaman, dan pencapaian dalam permainan. Seramai 181 responden remaja terlibat dalam kajian ini dengan menjawab soal selidik dalam talian yang mengandungi instrumen diadaptasi daripada Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) dan UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Analisis korelasi Spearman menunjukkan hubungan positif signifikan yang sederhana kuat (r = 0.622, p < 0.05) antara keterlibatan dalam permainan dengan tingkah laku impulsif. Analisis regresi menunjukkan bahawa kekerapan bermain dan masa bermain mengukuhkan hubungan tersebut, manakala umur berfungsi sebagai moderator negatif yang melemahkan hubungan dengan peningkatan usia. Faktor pengalaman tidak menunjukkan kesan signifikan manakala pencapaian menunjukkan potensi kesan marginal. Dapatan ini menyumbang kepada pemahaman lebih mendalam mengenai implikasi keterlibatan permainan digital terhadap tingkah laku remaja dan memberi asas empirikal untuk pembangunan program intervensi yang lebih bersasar.
Downloads
References
Abbasi, A., Ting, D., & Hlavacs, H. (2017). Engagement in games: developing an instrument to measure consumer videogame engagement and its validation. International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 2017, 1-10.
Abdul Basith, A. M. (2017). Hubungan antara intensitas bermain game online dengan kecenderungan agresivitas pada komunitas gaming Surabaya. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(3).
Abdul Jabbar, A. I., & Felicia, P. (2015). Gameplay engagement and learning in game-based learning: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 740–779. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315577210
Adachi, P. J., & Willoughby, T. (2013). More than just fun and games: The longitudinal relationships between strategic video games, self-reported problem solving skills, and academic grades. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(7), 1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9913-9
Ahmad Zulman Mohd Zain, & Shanti Balraj Baboo. (2016). Permainan Elektronik: Satu Kajian Awal Amalan Penyertaan Genre dan Amalam Motivasi dalam Permainan Media. 2nd International Conference on Creative Media, Design & Technology.
Alrobai, A., McAlaney, J., Phalp, K., & Ali, R. (2016). Online peer groups as a persuasive tool to combat digital addiction. In Persuasive Technology (pp. 288–300). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31510-2_25
Ang, C. S., Zaphiris, P., & Mahmood, S. (2007). A model of cognitive loads in massively multiplayer online role playing games. Interacting with Computers, 19(2), 167-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.006
Attfield, S., Kazai, G., Lalmas, M., & Piwowarski, B. (2011, February). Towards a science of user engagement (position paper). In Proceedings of the WSDM Workshop on User Modeling for Web Applications (pp. 9–12). ACM.
Aziz, N., Nordin, M. J., Abdulkadir, S. J., & Salih, M. M. (2021). Digital addiction: Systematic review of computer game addiction impact on adolescent physical health. Electronics, 10(9), 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10090996
Bargeron, A. H., & Hormes, J. M. (2017). Psychosocial correlates of Internet gaming disorder: Psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 388–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.029
Blinka, L., Škařupová, K., & Mitterova, K. (2016). Dysfunctional impulsivity in online gaming addiction and engagement. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2016-3-5
Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Juric, B., & Ilic, A. (2011). Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252-271.
Brodie, R., Ilic, A., Juric, B., & Hollebeek, L. (2013). Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 105-114.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 187–249.
Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., & Frøyland, L. R. (2014). Is video gaming, or video game addiction, associated with depression, academic achievement, heavy episodic drinking, or conduct problems?. Journal of behavioral addictions, 3(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.002
Chang, S.-M., Hsieh, G. M. Y., & Lin, S. S. J. (2018). The mediation effects of gaming motives between game involvement and problematic Internet use: Escapism, advancement and socializing. Computers & Education, 122, 43–53. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.007
Coda Payments. (2024). East vs west? Game on! Coda reveals gamer habits and preferences around the world. Coda Payments. https://www.codapayments.com/posts/eastvwestgamers
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology. Optimal Experience (pp. 15–35). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621956.002
Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T. (2007). Mood-based rash action and its components: Positive and negative urgency. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.008
Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011). Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron, 69(4), 680-694.
DeYoung, C. G., & Rueter, A. R. (2016). Impulsivity as a personality trait. In K. D. Vohs & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (3rd ed., pp. 345–363). Guilford Press.
Ding, Y. (2018). Research on operational model of PUBG. MATEC Web of Conferences (pp. 1-4). China: EDP Sciences.
Du, X., Liu, L., Yang, Y., Qi, X., Gao, P., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Du, G., Dai, S., Li, X., & Zhang, Q. (2017). Diffusion tensor imaging of the structural integrity of white matter correlates with impulsivity in adolescents with internet gaming disorder. Brain and Behavior, 7(8), e00753. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.753
Dumrique, D. O., & Castillo, J. G. (2018). Online Gaming: Impact on the Academic Performance and social behavior of the students in Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. In Proceedings of the 4th International Research Conference on Higher Education (pp. 1205-1210). Philippines: Knowledge E.
Ferguson, C. J., Barr, H., Figueroa, G., Foley, K., Gallimore, A., LaQuea, R., Merritt, A., Miller, S., Nguyen-Pham, H., Spanogle, C., Stevens, J., Trigani, B., & Garza, A. (2015). Digital poison? Three studies examining the influence of violent video games on youth. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.021
Gentile , D., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127(2), 319-329.
Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266.
Grizzard, M., Tamborini, R., Sherry, J. L., Weber, R., Prabhu, S., Hahn, L., & Idzik, P. (2014). The thrill is gone, but you might not know: Habituation and generalization of biophysiological and self-reported arousal responses to video games. Communication Monographs, 82(1), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.971418
Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. (1970). Habituation: A dual‐process theory. Psychological Review, 77(5), 419–450. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029810
Hammad, M. A., & Al-Shahrani, H. F. (2024). Impulsivity and aggression as risk factors for internet gaming disorder among university students. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3712. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53807-5
Harpe, S. E. (2015). How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(6), 836–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001
Hellström, C., Nilsson, K. W., Leppert, J., & Åslund, C. (2012). Influences of motives to play and time spent gaming on the negative consequences of adolescent online computer gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(4), 1379–1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.023
Holtz, P., & Appel, M. (2011). Internet use and video gaming predict problem behavior in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.004
Ibrena, R. E., & Sudrajat, R. H. (2019). Pengaruh kecanduan game Playerunknown’s Battleground (PUBG) terhadap perilaku hubungan sosial remaja di Kota Jakarta. E-Proceeding of Management 6(3), 6447-6451.
IJsselsteijn, W. A., de Kort, Y. A. W., & Poels, K. (2013). The Game Experience Questionnaire. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
Jentsch, J. D., Ashenhurst, J. R., Cervantes, M. C., Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Pennington, Z. T. (2014). Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1327, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12388
Jeong, H., Lee, H. K., Kwon, Y.-S., Yim, H. W., & Lee, S.-Y. (2019). Gaming disorder and bidirectional relationships with aggression and impulsivity. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 31, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.003
Kaczmarek, L. D., & Drążkowski, D. (2014). MMORPG escapism predicts decreased well-being: Examination of gaming time, game realism beliefs, and online social support for offline problems. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(5), 298-302. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0595
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2013). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
Khairi, I., & Hafizah Zulkipli. (2023). Hubungan antara Penglibatan Permainan dalam Talian dan Motivasi dalam Permainan dalam Talian Kepada Ketagihan. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 4(1), 538–554. https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/rmtb/article/view/11704
Kim, J.-Y., Chun, J.-W., Park, C.-H., Choi, J., Hyun, C., Yang , S., Kim, D. (2019). The Correlation between the Frontostriatal Network and Impulsivity in Internet Gaming Disorder. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 1191. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37702-4
Koepp, M. J., Gunn, R. N., Lawrence, A. D., Cunningham, V. J., Dagher, A., Jones, T., Brooks, D. J., Bench, C. J., & Grasby, P. M. (1998). Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature, 393(6682), 266–268. https://doi.org/10.1038/30498
Krmpotich, T. D., Tregellas, J. R., Thompson, L. L., Banich, M. T., Klenk, A. M., & Tanabe, J. L. (2013). Resting-state activity in the left executive control network is associated with behavioral approach and increased in substance dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 129(1-2), 1-7.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Leon, A. C., Davis, L. L., & Kraemer, H. C. (2011). The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(5), 626–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008
Li, L., Niu, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Mei, S. (2021). Relationship between gaming disorder, self-compensation motivation, game flow, time spent gaming, and fear of missing out among a sample of Chinese university students: A network analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 761519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.761519
Lloret-Irles, D., & Gomis, R. (2015). Impulsiveness and video game addiction [Impulsividad y adicción a los videojuegos]. Health and Addictions, 16, 33–40.
Lynam, D. R., Smith, G. T., Whiteside, S. P., & Cyders, M. A. (2006). The UPPS-P: Assessing five personality pathways to impulsive behavior [Technical report]. Purdue University.
Makarova, E. A., & Makarova, E. L. (2019). Aggressive behavior in online games and Cybervictimization of teenagers and adolescents. lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 12(2), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2019257663
Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Vintró-Alcaraz, C., Verdejo-García, A., Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Mezquita, P., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2019). Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in different clinical phenotypes of gambling disorder: Profiles and longitudinal prediction of treatment outcomes. European Psychiatry, 61, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.07.006
McSweeney, F. K., & Swindell, S. (2002). Common processes may contribute to extinction and habituation. Journal of General Psychology, 129(4), 364–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221300209602096
Metcalf, O., & Pammer, K. (2014). Impulsivity and related Neuropsychological features in regular and addictive first person shooter gaming. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(3), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2013.0024
Melodia, F., Canale, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). The role of avoidance coping and escape motives in problematic online gaming: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 996–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00422-w
Molinillo, S., Japutra, A., & Liébana‐Cabanillas, F. (2020). Impact of perceived value on casual mobile game loyalty: The moderating effect of intensity of playing. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(5), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1831
Muhaimin, M., Aziz, N., & Ariffin, M. (2018). Problematic of massively multiplayer online game addiction in Malaysia. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 749-760. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99007-1_69
Muhammad Hafni Herawan, & Rachman, M.Y. (2021). Pengaruh Nilai Virtual Item Terhadap Intensi Pembelian Virtual dalam Game Online PUBG Mobile. Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis dan Manajemen Indonesia, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.31842/jurnalinobis.v5i1.207
Nawaz, M., Nadeem, T., Rao, S., Fatima, T., & Shoaib, S. (2020). Impact of PUBG Game Addiction on Social Isolation and Narcissistic Tendencies. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 7(3), 166-172.
Novrialdy, E., Nirwana, H., & Ahmad, R. (2019). High School Students Understanding of the Risks of Online. Journal of Educational and Learning Studies, 2(2), 113-119.
Nugraha, R. P., & Sumarlan, I. (2024). Trash-talk among adolescent online game users as a behavioral change in communication. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 45(2), 390–396.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). The assessment of reliability. In Psychometric theory (3rd ed., pp. 248–292). McGraw-Hill.
Nuyens, F., Deleuze, J., Maurage, P., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Billieux, J. (2016). Impulsivity in multiplayer online battle arena gamers: Preliminary results on experimental and self-report measures. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 351-356.
O’Brien, H. L., & Toms, E. G. (2008). What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(6), 938–955. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20801
Pontes, H. M., Schivinski, B., Kannen, C., & Montag, C. (2022). The interplay between time spent gaming and disordered gaming: A large-scale world-wide study. Social Science & Medicine, 296, Article 114721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114721
Procci, K., Bowers, C. A., Jentsch, F., Sims, V. K., & McDaniel, R. (2018). The revised game engagement model: Capturing the subjective gameplay experience. Entertainment Computing, 27, 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2018.06.001
Purnama, M. G., Azizah, O. T., & Asshadiq, S. J. (2018). Avoiding online game addiction among youngsters. Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application, 2(1), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.31763/businta.v2i1.104
Pyae, A., & Potter, L. E. (2016). A player engagement model for an augmented reality game. Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI '16). https://doi.org/10.1145/3010915.3010960
Rakuten Insights. (2020, April 7). Malaysia: Primary device used for online gaming 2020. Rakuten Insights.
Ravaja, N. (2009). FUGA – The fun of gaming: Measuring the human experience of media enjoyment (Project No. NEST-PATH-028765). European Community under the FP6 New and Emerging Science and Technology (NEST) programme. http://fuga.aalto.fi/
Rehman U, Shah M.U., Abbasi A.Z., Hlavacs H., & Iftikhar.R. (2022). Investigating male gamers’ behavioral intention to play PUBG: Insights from playful-consumption experiences Frontiers in Psychology. 13:909875. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.909875
Reza, T. (2020). Intensitas bermain game online mobile playerunknown’s battleground (PUBG) dengan kecenderungan agresivitas pada dewasa awal. Cognicia, 8(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v8i1.11749
Riaz, T., Akram, M., Afera, A., Parmar, P., (2023). The PUBG Paradox: Exploring the Link between Video Games and Suicide Risk. IAIM, 10(8), 8-14
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68
Siti Zahidah Abdullah, & Nazlena Mohamad Ali. (2019). Keterlibatan Jangka Panjang Dalam Permainan Digital. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Siti Raba’ah Hamzah, Turiman Suandi, Azimi Hamzah, & Ezhar Tamam. (2014). The influence of religiosity, parental and peer attachment on hedonistic behavior among Malaysian youth. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 122, 393–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1360
Sitorus Pane, G. R., & Mahendra. A. I. (2023). Interpersonal Communication Between PUBG Mobile Online Game Players on Team Bee. Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 3(4), 614-619. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku1902
Statista (2021). PUBG unit sales 2021. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/791791/pubg-player-base-world/
Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20445
Stenseng, F., Falch-Madsen, J., & Hygen, B. W. (2021). Are there two types of escapism? Exploring a dualistic model of escapism in digital gaming and online streaming. Psychology of Popular Media, 10(3), 319–329.
Sweller, J., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251-296.
Tobing, I. D. L. (2015). Hubungan durasi dan frekuensi bermain game online dengan masalah mental emosional pada remaja di SMP Negeri 1 Medan (Tugas Akhir 2015/2016) [Unpublished academic report]. SMP Negeri 1 Medan.
Tull, M. (2021, July 24). Impulsive behavior and impulse control disorders. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/impulsive-behavior-2797366
Weiss, T. (2011). Fulfilling the needs of eSports consumers: A uses and gratifications perspective. In Proceedings of the Bled eConference.
Wibowo, M. F., & Setyawan, S. (2021). Trash-talking dalam game online PUBG Mobile: Studi deskriptif kualitatif player PUBG Mobile (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Willoughby, T., Adachi, P. J., & Good, M. (2012). A longitudinal study of the association between violent video game play and aggression among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48(4), 1044–1057. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026046
Wong, I. K., & Lam, M. S. (2016). Gaming behavior and addiction among Hong Kong adolescents. Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health, 6(6), 1-16.
Wu, X. S., Zhang, Z. H., Zhao, F., Wang, W. J., Li, Y. F., Bi, L., Qian, Z. Z., Lu, S. S., Feng, F., Hu, C. Y., Gong, F. F., & Sun, Y. H. (2016). Prevalence of Internet addiction and its association with social support and other related factors among adolescents in China. Journal of Adolescence, 52, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.012
Yildiz Durak, H., Haktanir, A., & Saritepeci, M. (2023). Examining the predictors of video game addiction according to expertise levels of the players: The role of time spent on video gaming, engagement, positive gaming perception, social support and relational health indices. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01073-3
Yip, J. A., Schweitzer, M. E., & Nurmohamed, S. (2017). Trash-talking: Competitive incivility motivates rivalry, performance, and unethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 144, 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.06.002
Yu, Y., Mo, P. K. H., Zhang, J., Li, J., & Lau, J. T. F. (2021). Impulsivity, self-control, interpersonal influences, and maladaptive cognitions as factors of Internet gaming disorder among adolescents in China: Cross-sectional mediation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(10), e26810. https://doi.org/10.2196/26810
Zhou, F., Montag, C., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Reuter, M., Weber, B., Trautner, P., Kendrick, K. M., Markett, S., & Becker, B. (2019). Orbitofrontal gray matter deficits as marker of Internet gaming disorder: converging evidence from a cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal design. Addiction biology, 24(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12570
