Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosi, Kecerdasan Spiritual dan Persekitaran Keluarga Terhadap Stres Akademik Murid Sekolah Menengah
Keywords:
stres akademik, kecerdasan emosi, kecerdasan spiritual, persekitaran keluarga
Abstract
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti hubungan dan pengaruh kecerdasan emosi, kecerdasan spiritual dan persekitaran keluarga terhadap stres akademik murid sekolah menengah luar bandar sekolah bahagian Tawau di Negeri Sabah. Seramai 398 orang responden dari 21 buah sekolah luar bandar bahagian Tawau Sabah telah terlibat dalam kajian ini. Data kajian diperoleh menggunakan instrument soal selidik tertutup yang mengandungi 106 item yang telah diubah suai daripada instrument yang telah dibangunkan oleh pengkaji-pengkaji terdahulu. Instrumen kecerdasan Emosi oleh Cadman dan Brewer dengan menggabungkan idea Model Mayer dan Salovey: Four Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence, Goleman dan Noriah. Instrumen kecerdasan spiritual oleh Zohar dan Marshal, instrumen persekitaran keluarga adalah Family Environment Scale Fouth Edition (FES) yang telah dibina oleh Moos dan Moos, dan untuk dimensi hubungan serta instrumen Secondary School Stressor Questionaire (3SQ) yang telah dibina oleh Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff. Data kajian dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Packages For Social Sciences (SPSS) dan analisis Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Analisis deskriptif menunjukkan semua variable berada pada tahap tinggi. Ujian-t dan ANOVA sehala membuktikan bahwa tidak terdapat perbezaan skor min yang signifikan bagi semua variabel berdasarkan jantina dan bangsa. Ujian Korelasi Pearson pula menunjukkan wujud hubungan signifikan Kecerdasan emosi (r=0.489, p=0.00), Kecerdasan Spiritual (r=0.480, p=0.00), dan Persekitaran Keluarga (r=0.516, p=0.00) dengan Stres Akademik murid. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan ketiga-tiga variabel peramal memberi pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap stres akademik murid pada kadar 44 peratus. Analisis juga menunjukkan variabel peramal kajian mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan variabel bersandar iaitu stres akademik pada tahap sederhana tinggi dan tinggi. Adalah dicadangakan suatu kajian lanjutan dijalankan. Kajian yang dicadangkan memfokus kepada murid di sekolah menengah di bandar. Melalui dapatan boleh dibuat perbandingan antara stres akademik murid sekolah menengah bandar dan luar bandar. Selain itu, kajian lanjutan ini perlu dilakukan di peringkat sekolah rendah dan matrikulasi agar kita dapat melihat tahap dan faktor yang mempengaruhi stres akademik murid sekolah rendah dan matrikulasi.
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References
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Jayanthi, P., Thirunavukarasu, M., & Rajkumar, R. (2014). Academic Stress and Depression among Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study. Indian Pediatrics Journal, 15, 217–219.
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Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff. (2010). The Secondary School Stressor Questionnaire ( 3SQ ): Its Validity And Reliability In Identifying Stressor Among Adolescents in Secondary School. In Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2010 (pp. 1–11).
Nigatu, Y. T., Bultmann, U., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2015). The prospective association between obesity and major depression in the general population: does single or recurrent episode matter? BMC Public Health Sample, 15(350). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015- 1682-9
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Rosa, M. C., & Preethi, C. (2012). Academic Stress and Emotional Maturity among Higher Secondary School Students of Working and Non Working Mothers. International Journal of Basic and Advanced Research, 1(3), 40–43.
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Zainudin Awang, Lim Siew Hui, & Nur Fairuza Syahira Zainudin. (2018). Pendekatan Mudah SEM (structural Equation Modelling). MPWS Rich Publication.
Zavala, A. M., & Lopez, I. (2012). Adolescents at Risks: What is the Role of Emotional Intelligence? Behaviour Psychology, 21, 159–175.
Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). SQ: Spiritual Intelligence, the Ultimate Intelligence. New York: Bloombury.
Zohar, Danah. (2005). Spiritually Intelligent Leadership. Leader to Leader, 2005(38), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.153
Abbasian, L., Abbasi, M., Gooshki, E. S., & Memariani, Z. (2016). Survey on the Scientific Position of the Spiritual Health and its Role in Preventing from Diseases: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Medical Ethics, 4, 83–104.
Abdulghani, H., AlKanhal, A., Mahmoud, E., Ponnamperuma, G., & Alfaris, E. (2011). Stress and its effects on medical students. A cross- sectional study at a College of Medicine in Saudi Arabia. J Health Popul Nutr, 29(5), 516–522.
Amir Musarezaie, Homayoon Naji Esfahani, Tahereh Momeni-Ghaleghasemi, & Mahin Aminoroaia. (2013). Relationship between Religious Orientation, Anxiety and Depression of Students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal Of, 4, 509–519.
Aspelmeier, J. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2003). Love and school: Attachment/Exploration Dynamics in College. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 5–30.
Busari, A. O. (2012). Evaluating the Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Performance among Adolescents. Scholarly Journal of Education, 1(1), 6–12.
Caplan, R. D. (1983). Person-environment Fit: Past, Present, and Future. In Stress Research (C. L. Coop, pp. 35–78). New York: Wiley.
Caplan, R. D. (1987). Person-environment Fit in Organizations: Theories, Facts, and Value. In Occupational Stress and Organizational eEfectiveness (A.W. Riley, pp. 103–140). New York: Praeger.
Caplan, R. D., & Harrison, R. V. (1993). Person-environment Fit Theory: Some history, Recent Developments, and Future Directions. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 253–275.
Chlarasinta Duri Kartika. (2015). Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosi Dengan Stres Akademik Mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Unibersitas Muhammadiyah Suryakarta. Universiti Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Cummings, T. G., & Cooper, C. L. (1979). Cybernetic Framework for Studying Occupational Stress. Human Relations, 32, 395–418.
Downey, L. A., Johnston, P. J., Hansen, K., Birney, J., & Stough, C. (2010). Investigating the Mediating Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Coping on Problem behaviors in Adolescents. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(1), 20–29.
Edwards, J. R., & Cooper, C. L. (1990). The Person-environment Fit Approach to Stress: Recurring Problems and Some Suggested Solutions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, (11), 293–307.
Esfahani M. (2010). Spirtual health and Comments. Medical Ethics Journal, 14(4), 41–49.
Esmaili, M., Zareh, H., & Golverdi, M. (2014). Spiritual Intelligence: Aspects, Components and Guidelines to Promote It. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 1(2).
Essel, G., & Owusu, P. (2017). Causes of Students’ Stress, its effects on their stress management by students, A case study at Seinajoki. University of Applied Science, Finland.
Fass, M. E., & Tubman, J. G. (2002). The Influence of Parental and Peer Attachment on College Students’ Academic Achievement. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 561–573.
Forouzandeh N, Aslani Y, Mehralian H, & Drees F. (2016). The Association between Academic Stress and Quality of Life in Students. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 18(3), 1–7.
Forushani, N. Z., & Besharat, M. A. (2011). Relation between emotional intelligence and perceived stress among female students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1109–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.216
Garret, J. B. (2001). Gender differences in college related stress. Undergraduate Journal of Psychology, 14(11).
Ghatol, S. D. (2017). Academic Stress among Higher Secondary School Students : A Review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education & Technology (IJARET), 4(1), 38–41.
Ghazali Darusalam, & Sufean Hussin. (2018). Metodologi Penyelidikan dalam Pendidikan: Amalan dan Analisis Kajian (Edisi Kedu). Penerbit Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can Matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Greven, C., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Arteche, A., & Furnham, A. (2008). A Hierarchical Integration of Dispositional Determinants of General Health in Students: The Big Five. Trait Emotional Intelligence and Humour Styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 1562–1573.
Harrison, H. G., Koenig, J. ., Hays, A. G., Eme-Akwari, & Pargament, K. I. (2001). The Epidemiology of Religious Coping: A Review of Recent Literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 13, 86–93.
Harrison, R. V. (1978). Person-environment Fit and Job Stress. In Stress at work (C. L. Coop, pp. 175–205). New York: Wiley.
Jayanthi, P., Thirunavukarasu, M., & Rajkumar, R. (2014). Academic Stress and Depression among Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study. Indian Pediatrics Journal, 15, 217–219.
Kadapatti, M. G., & Vijayalaxmi, A. H. M. (2012). “Stressors of Academic Stress-A Study of Pre- University Students”,. Indian Journal of Science Resources, 3(1), 171–175.
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (2011). Kajian Kesihatan dan Morbiditi Kebangsaan.
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (2015). Kajian Kesihatan dan Morbiditi Kebangsaan.
Kupriyanov, R., & Zhdanov, R. (2014). The stress concept: problems and out- looks. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 11(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/ idosi.wj
Leung, G. S. M., Yeung, K. C., & Wong, D. F. K. (2010). Academic Stressors and Anxiety in Children: The Role of Paternal Support Studies. Journal of Child and Family, 19(1), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9288-4
Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper.
Lyon, B. L. (2011). Stress, Coping, and Health. In Handbook of stress, coping and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice (In Rice, H, pp. 3–23). USA: Sage Publication, Inc.
Mostafa Jafari, Tahereh Sharifi Ebad, Mansour Rezaei, & Hossein Ashtarian. (2017). Association between Spiritual Health and Depression in Students. Original Article Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics, 4(2), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2012.37
Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff. (2010). The Secondary School Stressor Questionnaire ( 3SQ ): Its Validity And Reliability In Identifying Stressor Among Adolescents in Secondary School. In Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2010 (pp. 1–11).
Nigatu, Y. T., Bultmann, U., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2015). The prospective association between obesity and major depression in the general population: does single or recurrent episode matter? BMC Public Health Sample, 15(350). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015- 1682-9
Rahimi, H. (2015). The Relationship between Religious Attitudes and Spiritual health with Life Satisfaction in Nursing Students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Medical Ethics Journal, 1(2), 9–18.
Rohana Yusof. (2004). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
Rosa, M. C., & Preethi, C. (2012). Academic Stress and Emotional Maturity among Higher Secondary School Students of Working and Non Working Mothers. International Journal of Basic and Advanced Research, 1(3), 40–43.
Sahraian, A., Gholami, A., & Omidvar, B. (2011). The Relationship between Religious Attitude and Happiness in Medical Students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Horizon of Medical Science, 17(2), 69–75.
Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., & Minski, P. S. (2003). Factor Structure and Validity of a Trait Emotional Intelligence Measure. Personality and Individual Differences, (34), 707–721.
Seligman, M., Walker, E., & Rosenhan, D. (2001). Abnormal Psychology (4th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Selye, H. (1956). The stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Selye, H. (1976). The Stress of Life (revised ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
Seto Mulyadia, Wahyu Rahardjo, & A.M Heru Basuki. (2016). The Role of Parent-child Relationship, Self-esteem, Academic Self-efficacy to Academic Stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.063
Shaikh, B. T., Kahloon, A., Kazmi, M., Khalid, H., Nawaz, K., Khan, N. A., & Khan, S. (2004). Students, stress and coping strategies: A case of Pakistani Medical School. Education for Health, 17(3), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576280400002585
Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2002). Health, Performance and Emotional Intelligence: An Exploratory Study of Retail Managers. Stress and Health, 18, 63–68.
Tan, Y. M., Goh, K. L., Muhidayah, R., Ooi, C. L., & Salem, O. (2003). Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in young adult Malaysians: A survey among medical students. Journal of Gastroenterol Hepatol, (18), 1412–1416.
Waghachavare, V. B., Chavan, V. M., Dhumale, G. B., & Gore, A. D. (2013). A Cross-Sectional Study of Stress among Junior College Students in a Rural Area of Sangli District of Maharashtra. Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science, (November-December), 294–297.
World Health Organization. (2002). “World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life.”Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42510/WHR_2002.pdf?sequence=1
World Health Organization. (2009). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.Retrieved from https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0byXrYpnFBoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=world+Health+Organization.+(2009).+International+Statistical+Classification+of+Diseases+and+Related+Health+Problems.&ots=GUiIjsh30A&sig=8Uigedki709nUa-QdwGZjwkHxYE#v=onepage&q&f=false
Zainudin Awang, Lim Siew Hui, & Nur Fairuza Syahira Zainudin. (2018). Pendekatan Mudah SEM (structural Equation Modelling). MPWS Rich Publication.
Zavala, A. M., & Lopez, I. (2012). Adolescents at Risks: What is the Role of Emotional Intelligence? Behaviour Psychology, 21, 159–175.
Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). SQ: Spiritual Intelligence, the Ultimate Intelligence. New York: Bloombury.
Zohar, Danah. (2005). Spiritually Intelligent Leadership. Leader to Leader, 2005(38), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.153
